Interference among the Processing of Facial Emotion, Face Race, and Face Gender

Li, Yongna; Tse, Chi‐Shing

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01700

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…More broadly, future investigations could also consider the impact of task-irrelevant emotional expressions on categorization of gender or ethnicity in faces as a means to understanding potential preferential processing of positive emotion information in older adults. Evidence suggests multiple facial features are processed when only one particular feature is explicitly attended to ( Mouchetant-Rostaing et al, 2000 ; Ito and Urland, 2005 ; Ambron et al, 2016 ; Li and Tse, 2016 ). For example, recent work by Li and Tse (2016) with young participants showed that task-irrelevant emotional expressions in target faces interacted with the processing of gender or race when the faces were categorized on the latter dimensions, and Ambron et al, 2016 found that when gender in a distractor face was used to cue the non-face target to be reached for, task-irrelevant facial expression modulated the degree to which reaching paths deviated to the distractor faces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing Distracting Non-face Emotional Images: No Evidence of an Age-Related Positivity Effect

Madill

Murray

2017

Front. Psychol.

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Cognitive aging may be accompanied by increased prioritization of social and emotional goals that enhance positive experiences and emotional states. The socioemotional selectivity theory suggests this may be achieved by giving preference to positive information and avoiding or suppressing negative information. Although there is some evidence of a positivity bias in controlled attention tasks, it remains unclear whether a positivity bias extends to the processing of affective stimuli presented outside focused attention. In two experiments, we investigated age-related differences in the effects of to-be-ignored non-face affective images on target processing. In Experiment 1, 27 older (64–90 years) and 25 young adults (19–29 years) made speeded valence judgments about centrally presented positive or negative target images taken from the International Affective Picture System. To-be-ignored distractor images were presented above and below the target image and were either positive, negative, or neutral in valence. The distractors were considered task relevant because they shared emotional characteristics with the target stimuli. Both older and young adults responded slower to targets when distractor valence was incongruent with target valence relative to when distractors were neutral. Older adults responded faster to positive than to negative targets but did not show increased interference effects from positive distractors. In Experiment 2, affective distractors were task irrelevant as the target was a three-digit array and did not share emotional characteristics with the distractors. Twenty-six older (63–84 years) and 30 young adults (18–30 years) gave speeded responses on a digit disparity task while ignoring the affective distractors positioned in the periphery. Task performance in either age group was not influenced by the task-irrelevant affective images. In keeping with the socioemotional selectivity theory, these findings suggest that older adults preferentially process task-relevant positive non-face images but only when presented within the main focus of attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing Distracting Non-face Emotional Images: No Evidence of an Age-Related Positivity Effect

Madill

Murray

2017

Front. Psychol.

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“…These studies all found that the race and the sex of the faces influenced emotion recognition. Studies by Craig and Lipp (2018) and Li and Tse (2016) found the largest happy advantage for own-race female faces. Smith et al (2017), found an anger advantage for other-race Black male faces (but not White male faces or female faces) and the largest happy advantage for other-race (Black) female faces.…”

Section: Interactions Between Emotional Expression and Sex 16mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…When faces vary by sex and emotion as well as an additional social dimension (e.g., race, attractiveness), the influence of sex on emotion recognition also becomes less consistent. For example, a number of studies have asked participants to categorize faces varying in race, sex, and emotional expression (Craig & Lipp, 2018;Li & Tse, 2016;Smith et al, 2017). These studies all found that the race and the sex of the faces influenced emotion recognition.…”

Section: Interactions Between Emotional Expression and Sex 16mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotypes and Structure in the Interaction between Facial Emotional Expression and Sex Characteristics

Craig

Lee

2020

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

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Objective: A significant body of work has now amassed investigating the interaction between facial cues of sex and emotional expression. For instance, studies have found that male/more masculine faces are perceived more easily as angry, while female/more feminine faces are perceived more easily as happy. Two key mechanisms have been proposed to explain this interaction: a visualstructural account, where the interaction emerges due to physical overlap between facial cues of sex and emotion, and a stereotype based account, where the interaction is driven by associations between men and women, and particular emotions. Previous work often remains silent in regards to the mechanism/s underlying this interaction. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review of the literature as this may provide insight into whether facial structure, stereotypes, or a combination of both mechanisms explains the interaction between sex and emotion in face perception.Method: The review brings together research on the interaction between emotional expression and sex cues using a range of different methods.Results: The existing literature suggests that unique influences of both structural overlap and stereotypes can be observed in circumstances where the influence of one mechanism is reduced or controlled. Studies sensitive to detecting both mechanisms have provided evidence that both can concurrently act to contribute to the interaction between sex and emotion. Conclusion: These results are consistent with a role of selection in the physical appearance of facial signals of sex and particular emotional expressions and/or the cognitive structures involved in recognizing sex and emotion.

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“…Further, faces depicting Black women were rated as less attractive than White women, an effect that was mediated by ratings of masculinity. Numerous studies in face-based judgments have since expanded these findings by varying the racialization of the stimuli ( Johnson et al, 2012 ; Hopper et al, 2014 ), the study’s target population, and age of participants being studied ( Kim et al, 2015 ; Li and Tse, 2016 ; Lei et al, 2020 ). Importantly, the results of Goff et al clearly expose a research bias toward white women in sex/gender-related social cognition research, based on a white majority (82%) of participants, as well as the erasure of Black women exemplified in Stolier et al’s face stimuli visualization (2017), see Figure 1 .…”

Section: Research Theme #2: How Individuals Process Intersecting Social Identitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on Neurofeminism and Intersectionality Using Insights From Psychology

Duchesne

Trujillo

2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Intersectionality contends that sex/gender is constituted of and with other social categories, and that the social structures giving rise to inequality should be addressed in research. This is a powerful and important perspective from which to investigate the processes and consequences of social group memberships, one which has been overlooked by most neuroscientific research. In particular, neurofeminism, a field of critical neuroscience that challenges neuroscientific assumptions, methods and interpretations of data that reinforce sexism, has ignored intersectionality to date. In contrast, research in the field of psychology has been engaging with intersectionality for more than a decade. In reflecting on how intersectionality has advanced feminist research in psychology, this paper provides a critical analysis of potential novel research avenues for neurofeminism. We identify three main research themes guided by intersectionality. The first theme involves research centered on understanding the socio-structural causes of health inequalities experienced by individuals with intersecting marginalized social identities; the second concerns research addressing the psychological processing of social group memberships that underlies the enactment of systemic discriminatory practices; and the third theme comprises intersectionality research that aims to challenge psychological epistemology. Drawing parallels between the fields of psychology and neuroscience, we explore the potential benefits and risks of advancing an intersectionality-informed neurofeminism.

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Interference among the Processing of Facial Emotion, Face Race, and Face Gender

Cited by 10 publications

References 46 publications

Processing Distracting Non-face Emotional Images: No Evidence of an Age-Related Positivity Effect

Processing Distracting Non-face Emotional Images: No Evidence of an Age-Related Positivity Effect

Stereotypes and Structure in the Interaction between Facial Emotional Expression and Sex Characteristics

Reflections on Neurofeminism and Intersectionality Using Insights From Psychology

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