“…The teaching method provides a non-invasive learning setting and allows repetitive practice for participants (Billings, 1984;Fishman, 1984Fishman, , 1994Razziolo, 1990;Lowdemilk and Fishel, 1991;Ward, 1992;Jelovsek and Adebonojo, 1993;Sparks and Kuenz, 1993;Sylvia and Yeh, 1994). Frame and Chrystal (1999) and Prystowsky (1999), as well as Tsai et al (2004), have applied virtual reality (VR) to design an intravenous injection simulation course and have shown that experimental subjects had a dramatic improvement in clinical skills after use.…”