Interactive toxic effects of agrochemicals on aquatic organisms

Κungolos, Α.; Samaras, P.; Kipopoulou, A. M.; Zoumboulis, A.; Sakellaropoulos, G.P.

doi:10.2166/wst.1999.0067

Cited by 27 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…The model followed in this study was based on the theory of probability. If P 1 was the inhibition rate caused by a specific concentration of chemical A 1 and P 2 the inhibition rate caused by a certain concentration of chemical A 2 , Subsequently, the theoretically expected additive inhibition rate, when the concentrations of two chemicals are applied together, is shown by the following equation [34]:…”

Section: Interactive Toxicity Of Experimental Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The amount of metal was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, Versamus, Australia). Based on the average weight of one Artemia neonate (which was determined to be 5µg) and Assuming the amount of metals in each solution measured by ICP-AES were absorbed by 1000 Artemia organisms, the quantity of metals absorbed by each animal and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) were determined subsequently [34,11].…”

Section: Copper and Cadmium Uptake At Different Individual And Mixed mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity and Bioconcentration of Cadmium and Copper in Artemia Urmiana Nauplii

Mohiseni¹,

Farhangi

Agh

et al. 2017

IJT

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Background: Artemia urmiana are small crustaceans that because of its non-selective filter feeder pattern potentially may absorb high level of heavy metals through their living environment. In this study, the effects of different levels of cadmium and copper on survival, catalase activity and metals bioconcentration rates in A. urmiana nauplii have been investigated. Methods:The research was carried out in February 2012 at University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.First experiment was conducted in nine concentrations with six replication, then LC 50 and probable interactions between experimental metals were evaluated. In the second experiment, concentrations of metals absorbed by Artemia and catalase activity were measured based on the acute toxicity indices, including NOEC, LOEC and LC 50 at individual and mixed concentrations. Results:The toxicity of copper sulphate (LC 50 = 29.87) was 2.5 times greater than cadmium chloride (LC 50 =79.08) and the toxicity interaction between cadmium and copper was synergistic. The rate of copper uptake in Artemia was higher than cadmium and increased concentration of heavy metals significantly decreased the bioconcentration factor. Comparison of mixed and individual concentrations showed that cadmium significantly decreased copper uptake, while it seems that cadmium bioconcentration was improved consequently. Biochemical analysis showed that the catalase activity was affected undesirably in different individual and mixed concentrations; however, these changes were not significant. Conclusion:A. urmiana nauplia seems to be highly resistant toward cadmium and copper in their culture medium and demonstrated excessive potential for uptake of heavy metals from their rearing environment.

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Section: Interactive Toxicity Of Experimental Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Copper and Cadmium Uptake At Different Individual And Mixed mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and Bioconcentration of Cadmium and Copper in Artemia Urmiana Nauplii

Mohiseni¹,

Farhangi

Agh

et al. 2017

IJT

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“…In the natural environment there is a strong chance that mixtures contain both herbicides and insecticides, therefore it is important to investigate the impact of such combinations on plants. However, Kungolos, Samaras et al (1999) did evaluate two insecticides methyl parathion (organophosphorus) and lindane (organochlorine) and the herbicide atrazine on the growth of the algae Selenastrum capricornotum after 72 hours exposure. The EC50 was calculated for each compound and were 0.047, 0.69 and 0.145 mg/L for methyl parathion, lindane and atrazine respectively.…”

Section: Supporting Publications 2012:en-347 66mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the natural environment there is a strong chance that aquatic communities will also be exposed to mixtures of insecticides and herbicides. Two studies that looked at this were Kungolos et al (1999) and Cedergreen et al (2006) and they found little evidence of synergism and, at worst, they behaved additively. A similar trend of additivity was seen with studies that looked at herbicide combinations with the same mode of action.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated and multiple stress (exposure to pesticides) on aquatic organisms

Dennis

Tiede

Thompson

2012

EFSA Supporting Publications

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A systematic literature search identified publications relevant to repeated (94 papers) and mixture exposure (152 papers) of aquatic organisms. Limited data are available on pulsed exposure of pesticides and reports on repeated pulse or fluctuating exposures are even rarer. Although there has been recognition of the need for more realistic testing scenarios these lack a systematic approach. Among the reports on pesticide mixtures most of the plant studies evaluated interactions between mixtures of herbicides or fungicides / algicides. A small number of reports evaluated the effects on invertebrates of mixtures of pesticides with the same mode of action and these showed additive toxicity. More studies in invertebrates assessed interactions between pesticides with different modes of action including herbicide/ insecticide combinations some of which showed toxicity greater than additive. The majority of studies in fish have investigated the toxicity of insecticide mixtures. The toxicity of most combinations was at most additive, with a small number antagonistic. A small number of papers reported mixture effects of pesticides in amphibians; more than additive effects were observed with atrazine combinations. Simple models can be used to determine the additive toxicity of pesticide mixtures based on concentration addition or independent action. More complex models to determine the scale of synergy are species-and dose-dependent and rely on an understanding of the interactions involved. Further work is required to develop a greater understanding of the species, dose and time dependence of exposure to pesticide mixtures in which more complex interactions occur. In the interim, in the majority of cases the increase in toxicity is no greater than 3 fold when compared to additive, the deviation from additivity decreases with the increasing number of components in the mixture, and where no known interactions have been reported this may be an appropriate factor to include in risk assessments. KEY WORDSPulsed, mixtures, pesticides, aquatic organisms, synergism, additive effects DISCLAIMERThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors 1 Question No EFSA-Q-2011-00786. Repeated and Multiple Stress in Aquatic OrganismsSupporting publications 2012:EN-347 2The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the...

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“…No-observed effect concentrations (NOECs), as the uppermost concentration being not significantly different from controls (P 0.05), were also calculated, using Origin 7.5 software. To test the interactive effect of both metals, the theoretically expected effect (E) of the binary mixtures on the test organisms was evaluated using the formula proposed by Kungolos et al (1999) and Hadjispyrou et al (2001). It was calculated using the following formula: E = P 1 + P 2 -P 1 P 2 /100, where E is the theoretical expected effect, P 1 is the inhibition caused by chemical A and P 2 is the inhibition caused by chemical B.…”

Section: > Statistical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%