Purpose
As a part of an ongoing effort to develop computerized training tools for cryosurgery, this study presents a scheme to geometrically deform a 3D organ template in order to generate clinically relevant prostate models. The objective for creating deformed models is to develop a database for computerized training. This study further presents compiled literature data on the likelihood of cancer tumor growth in the prostate and its relationship to the prostate shape.
Methods
Cryosurgery is typically performed on patients with localized prostate cancer, found in stages T3 or earlier. The analysis is restricted to cancer originating from the peripheral zone of the prostate as majority of cancer cases are found within this region. The distribution of geometric features, likely to be found in prostates at stage T3, is determined using tumor growth patterns that attribute to changes in the prostate surface. The extended free-form deformation (EFFD) method is applied on a 3D prostate template to create localized surface changes that resemble cancerous prostates.
Results
Deformed prostate models were generated using the process of: (1) selecting the desired deformation parameters—extra capsular extension (ECE) range and location, and (2) manipulating the lattice control points until the deformed prostate model's ECE length and transverse span fall within the pre-selected ranges.
Conclusions
EFFD is an efficient method to rapidly generate prostate models for the application of computerized training of cryosurgery. While the selected criteria for deformation do not lead to a unique shape, since the contours of the deformed body are randomly selected, they do lead to shapes resembling cancer growth, as various growth histories can lead to different ECE shapes of the same maximum extension.