Interactions of frazil and anchor ice with sedimentary particles in a flume

Density modification of ice particles in ice slurry

“…sinking ice particles and the formation of "anchor" ice at the bottom of the transparent cylinder (iv) the release of ice flocks from the bottom and subsequently their ascension to the surface. Furthermore Kempema et al (1993) and Reimnitz et al (1993) noted that a sinking of ice particles happens independently of the particle type present in the solution, which supports the results presented in this work. 13 different materials were tested and in every case, sinking ice particles were detected.…”

“…Once the temperature of the fluid reaches the melting point, the ice becomes "passive" and thus loses its adhesiveness. According to this, Kempema et al (1993) observed that during melt-down the anchor ice sometimes lost enough of its load and its adhesion to the substrate and therefore rose to the water surface. sinking ice particles and the formation of "anchor" ice at the bottom of the transparent cylinder (iv) the release of ice flocks from the bottom and subsequently their ascension to the surface.…”

“…Due to the surface properties of the frazil ice disks, they aggregate rapidly together and rise as flocks to the top of a water column (Martin, 1981). Kempema et al (1993) observed rising frazil ice flocks measuring 3 -10 cm in diameter. During their ascent the dispersed sediment particles fall into gaps of the aggregate where they are trapped .…”

Observations of frazil ice formation and upward sediment transport in the Sea of Okhotsk: A possible mechanism of iron supply to sea ice

“…As likely sediment incorporation processes into sea ice, some laboratory experiments [ Reimnitz et al ., ; Kempema et al ., ; Smedsrud , ] and model simulations [ Sherwood , ; Smedsrud , ] suggested the direct interaction of frazil/grease ice with re‐suspended sedimentary particles in the water column. Frazil ice is a small mm‐ or μm‐scale ice crystal which is initially generated in the water column [ Martin , ].…”

Numerical model of frazil ice and suspended sediment concentrations and formation of sediment laden ice in the Kara Sea

“…Disks that are initially small and tend not to stick to sediment particles during collisions evolve into large complex aggregates that are capable of sweeping up sediment particles along their rising path [Reimnitz et al, 1993a;Kempema et al, 1993]. Treatment of changes in particle populations and characteristics is clearly required to model correctly the ice-ice, sedimentsediment, and ice-sediment interactions, and progress toward this capability has been made for sediment [e.g., Hill and Nowell, 1995] and for ice [Svensson and Omstedt, 1994;1998;Hammar and Shen, 1995].…”