Interactions between wild and introduced Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>)

Youngson, A. F.; Verspoor, Eric

doi:10.1139/d98-019

Cited by 52 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Interaction is likely to have a negative effect on the variability of wild populations (Youngson and Verspoor, 1998;Wang and Ryman, 2001), and authors have long cautioned against the escape of farmed salmon, both inside and outside the salmon's native range (Reisenbichler and McIntyre, 1977;Hindar et al, 1991;Soto et al, 2001). Gross (1998) estimated a 5% probability that escaped and invading cultured Atlantic salmon would have a negative impact on wild populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cultured fish can contribute to the loss or depletion of wild populations through predation and ecological competition for food, space, and breeding opportunities (Clifford et al, 1998;Hard et al, 2000;Fleming et al, 2002), the spread of parasites and diseases Jensen, 1991, 1994;Bakke and Harris, 1998;Krkosek et al, 2005), and interbreeding with wild fish (Youngson and Verspoor, 1998;Fleming et al, 2000;Lynch and O'Hely, 2001;Ford, 2002). Cultured and wild salmon interact at all stages of the life cycle and across the range of natural environments inhabited, and life history and fitnessrelated traits of the wild populations may be influenced (Jonsson et al, 1991c;Thodesen et al, 1999;McGinnity et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultured Atlantic salmon in nature: a review of their ecology and interaction with wild fish

Jönsson

2006

ICES Journal of Marine Science

234

190

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N. 2006. Cultured Atlantic salmon in nature: a review of their ecology and interaction with wild fish. e ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63: 1162e1181.When cultured Atlantic salmon are released into nature, they compete with wild fish for food, space, and breeding partners. As a result of morphological, physiological, ecological, and behavioural changes that occur in hatcheries, their comp etitive ability often differs from that of wild fish. These changes are partly phenotypic and partly genetic. Cultured juveniles' faster growth rate influences age and size at smolting and maturity, reproductive output, and longevity. Fast-growing parr tend to smolt younger, produce more but smaller eggs, attain maturity earlier, and die younger. Juvenile learning influences a number of behavioural traits, and differences in early experience appear to affect feeding and spawning success, migratory behaviour, and homing ability. Genetic change in hatcheries is chiefly the result of natural selection, with differential mortality among genotypes and broodstock selection based on production traits such as high adult body mass and fast growth rate. Experimental evidence has revealed that cultured parr's greater aggression often allows them to dominate wild parr, although smaller cultured parr can be subordinated if they co-occur in fast-flowing water and if wild smolts have established prior residence. During spawning, the fitness of wild salmon is superior to that of cultured conspecifics. Cultured males are inferior to wild males in intra-sexual competition, courting, and spawning; cultured females have greater egg retention, construct fewer nests, and are less efficient at covering their eggs in the substratum than their wild counterparts. In rivers, the early survival of cultured offspring is lower than that of their wild counterparts. The lifetime reproductive success of farmed fish has been estimated at 17% that of similar-sized wild salmon. As a result of ecological interaction and through density-dependent mechanisms, cultured fish may displace wild conspecifics to some extent, increase their mortality, and decrease their growth rate, adult size, reproductive output, biomass, and production.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultured Atlantic salmon in nature: a review of their ecology and interaction with wild fish

Jönsson

2006

ICES Journal of Marine Science

234

190

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“…Traditionally the negative effects of stocking have been thought to be related to genetic contamination (Swain & Riddell 1990;Gross 1998;Youngson & Verspoor 1998) and maladaptive behaviour of farmed individuals (Fleming et al 1996;Johnsson et al 2002). Our study highlights that even small changes in the population density of the target species may lead to community-wide disturbances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

The impacts of different management strategies and environmental forcing in ecological communities

2006

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Understanding the effects of population management on the community a target species belongs to is of key importance for successful management. It is known that the removal or extinction of a single species in a community may lead to extinctions of other community members. In our study, we assess the impacts of population management on competitive communities, studying the response of both locally stable and unstable communities of varying size (between four and 10 species) to three different management strategies; harvesting of a target species, harvesting with non-targeted catch, and stocking of the target species. We also studied the consequences of selecting target species with different relative abundances, as well as the effects of varying environmental conditions.We show here how the effects of management in competitive communities extend far beyond the target population. A crucial role is played by the underlying stability properties of the community under management. In general, locally unstable communities are more vulnerable to perturbation through management. Furthermore, the community response is shown to be sensitive to the relative density of the target species. Of considerable interest is the result that even a small (2.5%) increase in the population size of the target species through stocking may lead to extinction of other community members. These results emphasize the importance of considering and understanding multi-species interactions in population management.

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“…However, stocked species may have ecological impacts as well as social and economic outcomes (Arthur et al, 2010;Lorenzen et al, 2012). Aquatic ecosystems may be affected by the stocked species through predation, competition, mixing of exotic genes, habitat modification, and the introduction of pathogens (Youngson & Verspoor, 1998;Weber & Fausch, 2003). As a result, stock enhancement has been a subject of controversy regarding its effectiveness and possible adverse impacts on wild stocks, and possible challenges to aquatic ecosystems (Lorenzen, 2005;Jonsson & Jonsson, 2006;Araki & Schmid, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does hatchery-reared Siniperca chuatsi (Actinopterygii, Perciformes) compete significantly with two wild Siniperca populations for diets in a shallow lake?

Hicks

Guo

et al. 2014

Hydrobiologia

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This study aimed to evaluate whether hatchery-reared Siniperca chuatsi (HSC) competes significantly with wild Siniperca populations in a shallow lake. Two wild Siniperca fishes, S. chuatsi and Siniperca kneri, along with HSC, were collected in the shallow Biandantang Lake, and their diets were determined using both stomach contents and stable isotope analyses. The stomach contents showed that shrimps and fish were the major food items of HSC and wild Siniperca fishes, but their dietary composition and percentage contribution revealed significant differences. Isotopic mixing model analysis suggested similar conclusions that contribution proportions of end members were significantly different. The niche overlap index on the basis of prey importance from stomach content analysis indicated that there was not significant diet overlap between hatchery-reared and wild Siniperca populations in winter and summer. Similar results were found in winter based on the prey contributions from isotopic mixing model outputs, but meaningful diet overlap was observed in summer. Our findings demonstrated that HSC did not have apparent feeding competition with wild Siniperca fishes during the critical periods of the early stocking stages, suggesting that moderate stocking of HSC may not have a negative effect on the variability of wild Siniperca populations.

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Interactions between wild and introduced Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 52 publications

References 88 publications

Cultured Atlantic salmon in nature: a review of their ecology and interaction with wild fish

Cultured Atlantic salmon in nature: a review of their ecology and interaction with wild fish

The impacts of different management strategies and environmental forcing in ecological communities

Does hatchery-reared Siniperca chuatsi (Actinopterygii, Perciformes) compete significantly with two wild Siniperca populations for diets in a shallow lake?

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