Interactions between nanoparticles and plants: phytotoxicity and defense mechanisms

Abstract

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the potential releases of nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn considerable attention. Plants are essential fundamental components of all ecosystems, and the interaction between NPs and plants is an indispensable aspect of the risk assessment. Originally, this review focuses on NP phytotoxicity, which is an important precondition to promote the application of nanotechnology and to avoid the potential ecological risks. Both enhancive and inhibitive effects of various NPs on different plants' growth have been documented. In this paper, the influence factors of nanotoxicity and the mechanisms of these toxic effects are also summarized. Subsequently, the defense mechanisms are presented as well. Eventually, this review puts forward the prospects of research direction of the environmental behavior and the biological toxicity of NPs, hoping to bring new ideas to the further research on NP phytotoxicity.

Nanomaterials in plant tissue culture: the disclosed and undisclosed

“…Researchers have elaborately reviewed the toxicity aspects of nanomaterials on plants. [102][103][104][105][106] They suggest that the nanomaterials added to the culture medium can lead to signicant and adverse effects on cell viability, organogenesis, shoot growth, seed germination, seedling development and explant survival. The phytotoxicity of nanomaterials is believed to depend on their chemical composition, dose, size, stability and type, the composition of the culture medium, the application method, and the explant type and plant species.…”

“…104,107 Addition of NPs to the cell suspension reduced the viability of the cells by altering nucleic acid expression, inducing DNA damage, increasing the production of ROS, disturbing chlorophyll synthesis, inducing cell membrane damage and inducing electrolyte leakage. 63,64,100,105 To date, the uptake of NPs into plants has not been assessed or documented. Research reports record their ndings based on the addition of a broad range of concentrations to the growth medium for investigating the phytotoxicity of various nanomaterials.…”

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Affect Heavy Metals Uptake by Pea in a Divergent Way than Their Ionic and Bulk Counterparts

“…NPs approach plants through variety of mechanisms which are strongly dependent on their size, morphology, charge, settings and agglomeration (Pérez-de-Luque 2017; Yang et al 2017;Zhang et al 2019). All those factors affect the plant response and need to be carefully evaluated.…”

Nanoparticle–Plant Interactions: Two‐Way Traffic

“…The negative effects of metallic NPs are very evident because of phytotoxicity . The degree of toxicity varies by the type of NPs and their concentrations.…”