Interactions between decision making and performance monitoring within prefrontal cortex

Walton, Mark E.; Devlin, Joseph T.; Rushworth, Matthew F. S.

doi:10.1038/nn1339

Cited by 400 publications

(319 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Another difference with the current study is that in Breiter et al's study, the presented outcomes were not in any way contingent upon the participants' choices, or perceived by participants as such; instead, the participants were simply attending to the various stimulus displays. Importantly, recent research has demonstrated that the perception of action-outcome contingencies has a large impact on the (degree of) involvement of various brain areas in reward processing (Tricomi et al, 2004;Walton et al, 2004;Yeung et al, in press).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity in human reward-sensitive brain areas is strongly context dependent

et al. 2005

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Functional neuroimaging research in humans has identified a number of brain areas that are activated by the delivery of primary and secondary reinforcers. The present study investigated how activity in these reward-sensitive regions is modulated by the context in which rewards and punishments are experienced. Fourteen healthy volunteers were scanned during the performance of a simple monetary gambling task that involved a bwinQ condition (in which the possible outcomes were a large monetary gain, a small gain, or no gain of money) and a bloseQ condition (in which the possible outcomes were a large monetary loss, a small loss, or no loss of money). We observed reward-sensitive activity in a number of brain areas previously implicated in reward processing, including the striatum, prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and inferior parietal lobule. Critically, activity in these reward-sensitive areas was highly sensitive to the range of possible outcomes from which an outcome was selected. In particular, these regions were activated to a comparable degree by the best outcomes in each condition-a large gain in the win condition and no loss of money in the lose condition-despite the large difference in the objective value of these outcomes. In addition, some rewardsensitive brain areas showed a binary instead of graded sensitivity to the magnitude of the outcomes from each distribution. These results provide important evidence regarding the way in which the brain scales the motivational value of events by the context in which these events occur. D

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity in human reward-sensitive brain areas is strongly context dependent

et al. 2005

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“…These behavioral results are not immediately compatible with different arousal levels evoked by the High and Low Learning conditions. Recently, Walton et al (2004) have shown that the RCZa can be active not only on incorrect trials, but also on correct trials, provided that these trials convey behaviorally relevant information. In the current learning task, it is possible that the first correct trial associated with a specific mapping might have evoked ACC activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural dynamics of error processing in medial frontal cortex

Mars

Coles²,

Grol³

et al. 2005

NeuroImage

134

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Adaptive behavior requires an organism to evaluate the outcome of its actions, such that future behavior can be adjusted accordingly and the appropriate response selected. During associative learning, the time at which such evaluative information is available changes as learning progresses, from the delivery of performance feedback early in learning to the execution of the response itself during learned performance. Here, we report a learning-dependent shift in the timing of activation in the rostral cingulate zone of the anterior cingulate cortex from external error feedback to internal error detection. This pattern of activity is seen only in the anterior cingulate, not in the presupplementary motor area. The dynamics of these reciprocal changes are consistent with the claim that the rostral cingulate zone is involved in response selection on the basis of the expected outcome of an action. Specifically, these data illustrate how the anterior cingulate receives evaluative information, indicating that an action has not produced the desired result. D

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“…The mechanisms by which the frontal lobes mediate response bias have only begun to be elucidated. Investigators have discussed the associations between frontal lobe function and response bias as part of the top-down processes (Swick & Knight, 1999) that are necessary to setting different criteria, such as monitoring (Shimamura, 2000;Walton et al, 2004) and controlling item retrieval (Buckner et al, 1996;Fletcher et al, 1998). There are several steps relying specifically on frontal lobe structures that must occur when individuals must decide whether presented stimuli have been presented before.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Response bias quantifies the tendency to either respond in a predominantly liberal (i.e., "yes") or conservative (i.e., "no") direction. Response bias has been linked to the frontal lobes, such that lesions to the frontal lobe will lead to a more liberal response set (Swick & Knight, 1999;Walton et al, 2004;Windmann et al, 2002). Importantly, response bias is theoretically independent of discriminability (Miller et al, 2001;Snodgrass & Corwin, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response bias and aging on a recognition memory task

Huh

Kramer

Gazzaley

et al. 2006

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Response bias reflects the decision rule an individual uses when faced with uncertainty on recognition memory tasks. Recent studies indicate frontal regions may mediate response bias performance. One theory of aging also implicates frontal lobe contributions in age-related cognitive changes. This suggests that frontal lobe changes may mediate response bias in older adults. Consistent with this frontal aging hypothesis, we predicted that response bias would become more liberal with age. Methods: Participants were 181 younger (30-49) and 112 older normal adults (751) that were part of the California Verbal Learning Test-second edition (CVLT-2) normative sample (total n 5 1078). We used parametric measures of discriminability and response bias provided by the CVLT-2 scoring program. Groups were similar in IQ and education. Multi-level regression models were created to examine the effects of moderating variables. The interaction between age and age group significantly predicted response bias. Post hoc analysis indicated that increasing age was associated with more liberal bias in the older but not in the younger group. In the light of reported relationships between frontal regions and both aging and response bias, we hypothesize that frontal changes may be the underlying mechanism explaining the increase in liberal response bias with age. (JINS, 2006, 12, 1-7.)

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Interactions between decision making and performance monitoring within prefrontal cortex

Cited by 400 publications

References 50 publications

Activity in human reward-sensitive brain areas is strongly context dependent

Activity in human reward-sensitive brain areas is strongly context dependent

Neural dynamics of error processing in medial frontal cortex

Response bias and aging on a recognition memory task

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