Interaction of water with epoxy.

Powers, D.A.

doi:10.2172/985494

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…61 The hygrothermal aging process typically introduces both reversible and irreversible changes to the structure of the polymeric materials, which leads to different levels of damage. 63,74,75 The changes introduced can be fully reversible, meaning that after hygrothermal aging, the materials can be re-dried and their mechanical properties can practically fully restored. 30,76 However, some of the damage introduced by aging, such as swelling, can be irreversible, especially in specimens aged at high temperatures, which suggests the presence of some chemically attached water.…”

Section: Effects Of Moisture Aging On the Interfacial Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the effect of moisture and contamination on the interfacial properties of adhesive joints

Borges

Marques

Carbas

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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Adhesives play an important role in many key industrial sectors, such as the automotive industry, enabling the construction of lightweight, multi-material structures, combining polymers, composites and metals. However, adhesives are usually polymeric materials, which can be affected by environmental and working conditions, such as moisture and contamination. Although moisture and contamination degrade the adhesive, the failure of a bonded joint is often ultimately interfacial. Therefore, a literature review on the influence of those factors on the interfacial properties of adhesive joints is performed to understand the phenomena that take part in the degradation on adhesive joints when subjected to humid and contaminated environments, which can oftentimes be the case in factory conditions, especially for parts from third-party suppliers. The mechanisms and effects of moisture aging and contamination are presented, as well as experimental testing methods and practical case studies. It is concluded that both moisture and other contaminants may lead to a reduction in joint strength and catastrophic adhesive failure. Moisture absorption can occur through the adhesive, but in an adhesive joint, it can additionally occur through the substrate, the interface between the adhesive and the substrate or in the cracks and pores of the adhesive. After water ingresses into the adhesive, it decreases its mechanical properties and plasticizes it. However, in an adhesive joint, the water diffusion occurs much faster than in bulk adhesive due to the complementary diffusion paths, which typically leads to adhesive failure at the adhesive/substrate interface. Additionally, in an adhesive joint, water may induce the hydrolysis of the substrates or have other chemical interactions with them. Contaminants can diffuse through the joint or remain at the adhesive/ substrate interface. When they diffuse through the joint, they have consequences similar to those of water sorption. However, when they remain at the interface, they can produce locally debonded areas, which may lead to joint failure.

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Section: Effects Of Moisture Aging On the Interfacial Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the effect of moisture and contamination on the interfacial properties of adhesive joints

Borges

Marques

Carbas

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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show abstract

“…The high crystallinity of the former polymer, along with the low affinity of its chemical structure for water explain this behaviour. Conversely, water absorbed into the EPX resin associates with the secondary hydroxyl polar group, which is the main water absorption centre [56]. The fibre-resin interface of the CFRP laminates is recognizably much stronger and hydrophobic than GFRP, so that water absorption in the former composites is practically restricted to the polymer matrix [57].…”

Section: Absorbed Liquid By Immersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Imaging of Damages and Defects in Fibre-Reinforced Composites by Resonance Magnetic Technique

Alves¹,

Oliveira²,

Tannús³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Defectively manufactured and deliberately damaged composite laminates fabricated with different continuous reinforcing fibres (respectively, carbon and glass) and polymer matrices (respectively, thermoset and thermoplastic) were inspected in magnetic resonance imaging equipment. Two pulse sequences were evaluated during non-destructive examination conducted in saline solution-immersed samples to simulate load-bearing orthopaedic implants permanently in contact with biofluids. The orientation, positioning, shape, and especially the size of translaminar and delamination fractures were determined according to stringent structural assessment criteria. The spatial distribution, shape, and contours of water-filled voids were sufficiently delineated to infer the amount of absorbed water if thinner image slices than this study were used. The surface texture of composite specimens featuring roughness, waviness, indentation, crushing, and scratches was outlined, with fortuitous artefacts not impairing the image quality and interpretation. Low electromagnetic shielding glass fibres delivered the highest, while electrically conductive carbon fibres produced the poorest quality images, particularly when blended with thermoplastic polymer, though reliable image interpretation was still attainable.

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“…The decrease of the wear resistance of the carbon fiber composite is therefore related to the continuous degradation of the mechanical properties of the material exposed at the surface of the sample due to the infiltration and interaction of water with the epoxy resin. In this respect, Powers reported on a crazing effect onto the epoxy resin caused by a local swelling up on water uptake [26]. Water can also diffuse into the top surface layers by the unoccupied molecular volume of the epoxy resin and the water-polymer affinity due to the hydrophilic centers of the network [15].…”

Section: Effect Of Demineralized Water On Composite Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hydrogen bonds between water molecules and polar hydroxyl groups of the epoxy network will disrupt the inter-chain hydrogen bonding. A network of fine cracks on the surface of the composite material is then formed, which weakens the top surface of the composite [26]. The rupture of the interchain hydrogen bonding by water molecules would produce an increment of the chain mobility during the glass transition region and a reduction in the effective crosslink density of the material.…”

Section: Effect Of Demineralized Water On Composite Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface and sub-surface degradation of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites under dry and wet reciprocating sliding

Dhieb

Buijnsters

Eddoumy

et al. 2013

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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In this paper, the effect of water on the friction and wear of a carbon fiber reinforced epoxy tested under reciprocating sliding against a stainless steel counter body is reported. The tribological behavior of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite was investigated in ambient air and in demineralized water, and the role of water on the (sub-) surface degradation is discussed. The effect of sliding direction relative to the fiber orientation has been studied. The correlation between the debonding of carbon fibers at the fiber-epoxy interface, and the wear behavior of the carbon fiber composite are discussed based on an indepth analysis of the worn surfaces done by environmental scanning electron microscopy, white light interferometry, atomic force microscopy, and focused ion beam. We demonstrate that the carbon fiber reinforcement greatly improves the tribological properties of epoxy under sliding in both dry environment and demineralized water. A reciprocating sliding performed along an anti-parallel direction to the fiber orientation under dry conditions results in a large degradation by debonding and breaking of the carbon fibers compared to sliding in 2 parallel and perpendicular directions. Immersion in water has a harmful effect on the wear resistance of the carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite. The competition between crack growth and the wear rate of epoxy matrix and/or carbon fibers in the sliding track determines the level of material loss of the composite in both test environments.

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Interaction of water with epoxy.

Cited by 24 publications

References 32 publications

Review on the effect of moisture and contamination on the interfacial properties of adhesive joints

Review on the effect of moisture and contamination on the interfacial properties of adhesive joints

Detection and Imaging of Damages and Defects in Fibre-Reinforced Composites by Resonance Magnetic Technique

Surface and sub-surface degradation of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites under dry and wet reciprocating sliding

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