Interaction of Drugs with Alcohol on Human Psychomotor Skills Related to Driving: Effect of Sleep Deprivation or Two Weeks' Treatment with Hypnotics

Saario, I.; Linnoila, Markku; Maki, M

doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1975.tb01428.x

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is possible that 2 mg of flunitrazepam is slightly superior to 7.5 mg of zopiclone in hypnotic potency [29], Our results confirm the findings of earlier studies in which motor impairment and EEG changes characteristic of benzodiazepines have been measurable up to 12-18 h after 1 and 2 mg of flunitrazepam orally [3,8,15]. Similar results have been obtained for other benzodiazepines, especially for those with long elimination half-life or with long-acting active metabolites [3,[22][23][24], and even for those with rapid elimination rate, e.g.. triazo lam and temazepam [15][16][17], provided that fairly high doses are used. There is some evi dence that glutethimide and methaqualone, unless otherwise more harmful, could be safer in this respect [22], As to zopiclone, it had not residual effects in the present study at a dose of 7.5 mg. We think that this lack of hangover, although shown in healthy volunteers, is advanta geous, as residual effects can be serious for ambulant insomniacs who are active in skilled mental or physical work despite sug gestions that in practice the residual effects of hypnotics have no major importance and that chronic insomniacs suffer from hang over similarly after nights on placebo or longacting hypnotics [6], At least results concern ing late adverse effects of hypnotics on per formance of healthy volunteers may well be generalized to a majority of patients receiving hypnotics who may not suffer from severe insomnia [10].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Similarly to our findings on flunitrazepam, residual effects of nitrazepam (10 mg) and flurazepam (30 mg) have also enhanced the effects of a low dose of alcohol (0.5 g/kg b.w.) in circum stances where the drugs have been adminis tered for 14 successive nights, and skills were measured after alcohol intake in the morning following the last hypnotic dose [22,23]. The present results suggest that zopiclone, at least at the dose used, may differ favourably from benzodiazepines in this respect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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Drug-Alcohol Interactions on Psychomotor Skills: Zopiclone and Flunitrazepam

Seppαlä¹,

Nuotto²,

Dreyfus³

1983

Pharmacology

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Interaction between alcohol and zopiclone or flunitrazepam as well as the residual effects of both these hypnotics were studied in 20 normal male volunteers who received each 3 of 6 different drug and drink combinations according to a balanced incomplete block design as follows: placebo, zopiclone (7.5 mg), or flunitrazepam (2 mg) was administered double-blind in identical capsules at 23.00 h, and 0.5 g/kg body weight of alcohol or placebo alcohol was given at 08.30 h the following morning. Psychomotor skills of the volunteers were measured before drinking and 30 min, 1.5 h and 2.5 h after it. As compared with placebo, zopiclone had no residual effects, while flunitrazepam had some effects on standing steadiness, tracking, and flicker recognition. Alcohol alone had a non-significant effect on skills, and the combination zopiclone plus alcohol behaved as alcohol alone. Flunitrazepam plus alcohol impaired significantly standing steadiness, tracking, and reactive skills when compared with all other treatments. Time anticipation and hand and foot proprioception were not affected by any treatment. The results suggest that flunitrazepam, unlike zopiclone, has residual effects and interacts with alcohol in the morning following overnight ingestion of the drug.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Drug-Alcohol Interactions on Psychomotor Skills: Zopiclone and Flunitrazepam

Seppαlä¹,

Nuotto²,

Dreyfus³

1983

Pharmacology

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“…In healthy subjects one night's deprivation of sleep does not seem to impair psychomotor performance as observed in the previous study (SAARIO et al 1975). Hence to this finding, and due to hangover and other side-effects caused by hypnotics it seems desirable, that hypnotics should not be used without adequate indications.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…The present trials were conducted in order to continue our programme on the investigation of the residual effects of hypnotics and their interaction with alcohol on psychomotor skills related to driving (SAARIO et al 1975). In most trials up to now the acute hangover effects of hypnotics have been studied, but few trials have compared several hypnotics with each other in this respect (VELDKAMP et al 1974).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Subacute Treatment with Hypnotics, Alone or in Combination with Alcohol, on Psychomotor Skills Related to Driving

Saario

Linnoila

1976

Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica

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The effect of two weeks' treatment with amylobarbitone, flurazepam, a combination of methaqualone and diphenhydramine, or glutethimide, and their interaction with alcohol, was examined in 40 healthy volunteers in two double blind cross‐over trials. The drugs and placebo were given orally every night between 10 and 11 p.m. for two weeks, the treatment periods alternating in random order. Psychomotor skills were tested on the 7th and 14th treatment mornings by a choice reaction test, two co‐ordination tests and a divided attention task 30, 90 and 150 minutes after the previous administration of alcohol or placebo. After both trials were over the subjects of the latter trial were tested once more after one night's deprivation of sleep. Amylobarbitone and flurazepam alone impaired eye‐hand co‐ordination whereas the residual effect after methaqualone and diphenhydramine or glutethimide on psychomotor performance was negligible. Amylobarbitone and flurazepam also enhanced the alcohol induced impairment of co‐ordinative skills. Deprivation of sleep did not impair psychomotor performance. The subjects regarded flurazepam and the combination of methaqualone and diphenhydramine as more potent hypnotics than glutethimide or amylobarbitone. Flurazepam and the combination caused most of the side‐effects reported by the subjects.

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“…Nordiazepam and oxazepam have proved less active than their parent drug diazepam (Palva & Linnoila 1978;Clarke & Nicholson 1978). As to residual effects next morning after the intake of benzodiazepines for night, nitrazepam impairs psychomotor skills and enhances the alcohol effect more than diazepam does (Borland & Nicholson 1975;Saario et a/. 1975).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Temazepam and Nitrazepam on Psychomotor Skills and Memory

Liljequist

Mattila

1979

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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1 Twelve pretrained healthy students ingested temazepam 10 mg, nitrazepam 20 mg and placebo 10 mg, each double blind at 1-week intervals in randomized order. Reactive and coordinative skills and critical flicker fusion were measured before each drug intake and 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 h after it. Short-term memory and paired association learning were measured at 1, 3 and 8 hours. 2 Nitrazepam 10 mg increased reaction and coordination errors and also impaired learning and memory. Temazepam 10 mg impaired coordinative skills; otherwise it differed from nitrazepam but hardly from placebo. Temazepam 20 mg impaired coordination, and learning and memory. Both temazepam 20 mg and nitrazepam 10 mg were experienced as being sedative. All drug effects were clearest during the first 3 h, whereas nitrazepam also impaired learning at 8 hours. 3 The psychomotor responses to drugs were modified by a sequence effect (not at zero tests) which varied depending on the drug and parameter. In multivariance analysis it was included to reveal drug effects. 4 Temazepam 20 mg seems suitable as a hypnotic.

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Interaction of Drugs with Alcohol on Human Psychomotor Skills Related to Driving: Effect of Sleep Deprivation or Two Weeks' Treatment with Hypnotics

Cited by 22 publications

References 6 publications

Drug-Alcohol Interactions on Psychomotor Skills: Zopiclone and Flunitrazepam

Drug-Alcohol Interactions on Psychomotor Skills: Zopiclone and Flunitrazepam

Effect of Subacute Treatment with Hypnotics, Alone or in Combination with Alcohol, on Psychomotor Skills Related to Driving

Acute Effects of Temazepam and Nitrazepam on Psychomotor Skills and Memory

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