Effect of Subacute Treatment with Hypnotics, Alone or in Combination with Alcohol, on Psychomotor Skills Related to Driving

Saario, I.; Linnoila, Markku

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1976.tb03134.x

Cited by 34 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These impairments were greater than placebo and a 0.8-g/kg dose of alcohol. In addition, impairment in the driving stability task was observed with flunitrazepamalcohol dose combinations (Saario and Linnoila 1976). These impairments in driving-related performances are notable and correspond to field data relating benzodiazepine use to vehicular accidents (van Laar and Volkerts 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 71%

Modulation of human risky decision making by flunitrazepam

2007

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confidence: 71%

Modulation of human risky decision making by flunitrazepam

2007

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“…In a second study (Saario & Linnoila, 1976), attention scores in a driving test were significantly impaired, but the coordination errors were not significantly different from chance.…”

Section: Simulator Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The short-term memory decrements occurred for a task learned and recalled in the morning following bedtime ingestion of nitrazepam, 10 mg (Adams, 1974;Peck, Bye & Claridge, 1977 Hindmarch & Parrott (1978, 1979, 1980a; Hindmarch et al (1977aHindmarch et al ( , b, 1980; Pishkin et at. (1980); Saario et al (1975); Saario & Linnoila (1976) .,…”

Section: Benzodiazepines: Normal Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedative-hypnotics and human performance

Johnson¹,

Chernik²

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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SUMMARYSleep laboratory studies have demonstrated that most sedative-hypnotics increase total sleep time, at least during short-term administration. There is, however, increasing awareness that an hypnotic's effectiveness in inducing and maintaining sleep is not the only relevant question to be asked. Of increasing concern is the "hangover" effect. Does the hypnotic improve or impair awake performance? The 1979 report of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) dealt extensively with the complex problem of assessing hazards and benefits of hypnotics and noted that no documented study has demonstrated a clear relationship between amount of sleep actually obtained by insomniacs and daytime performance. The report discussed the importance of data which demonstrate that many hypnotics continue to influence the nervous system throughout the day following nocturnal administration. The authors of the report also noted that hypnotics may reduce performance and that persons may be unaware of the reduction in their daytime efficiency. The IO report stressed the need for more data on the effects of hypnotics on daytime performance, not only to determine their safety and side effects but also to determine possible benefits of hypnotic use.A single study could not be designed to answer all the unresolved questions concerning sleeping pill effects. However, when hypnotic, sleep, and performance studies are examined as a single sample, consistent findings are evident which answer questions that individual studies do not. This review focuses on those stud ies which used psychoactive drugs to induce sleep and which evaluated performance the next day. To be included, each study had to: (a) evaluate one or more sedative-hypnotics administered before going to bed; (b) administer one or more performance tests 7 to 22.5 hours post-ingestion after 6.5 or more hours of bed time; (c) include a placebo control; (d) use and report the results of statistical analysis; and (e) use compounds that are presently marketed in some country and were 'used in the study to induce sleep. Fifty-two studies met these criteria. Benzodiazepines were most frequently studied. The major conclusions are as follows:1. Most sedative-hypnotic and performance studies have used normal, rather than insomniac, subjects. Most of the normal subjects were male.2. All hypnotics (at some doses) produce decrements in performance the next day after nighttime ingestion.3. Most performance studies used psychomotor tasks and little consistent data are available on cognitive functioning 'and more complex human behaviors.4. Different psychomotor performance tests are differentially sensitive to the effects of sedative-hypnotics; the pattern of sensitivity is similar for all types of sedative-hypnotics. 5.When multiple dose levels of a given drug were examined in a given study, consistent dose differences were found. High doses more consistently show a decrement when compared with placebo performance than lower doses. 6. Long-acting drugs generally show more performance decrement, but h...

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Postoperative Deterioration in Psychomotor Function

Edwards¹,

Rose²,

Schorow³

et al. 1981

JAMA

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To help understand the postoperative fatigue state, psychomotor performance before and after surgical procedures or bed rest has been analyzed. Forty subjects in three groups were studied during test periods ranging from five to 21 days. Patients undergoing routine elective operations as well as subjects at bed rest alone experienced substantial impairment in several measures of psychomotor performance. Maximum deterioration was noted on postoperative days 4 and 5.

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Effect of Subacute Treatment with Hypnotics, Alone or in Combination with Alcohol, on Psychomotor Skills Related to Driving

Cited by 34 publications

References 11 publications

Modulation of human risky decision making by flunitrazepam

Modulation of human risky decision making by flunitrazepam

Sedative-hypnotics and human performance

Postoperative Deterioration in Psychomotor Function

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