Modulation of human risky decision making by flunitrazepam

Lane, Scott D.; Cherek, Don R.; Nouvion, Sylvain O.

doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0951-4

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(52 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In that report, the number of times a subject selects a lottery that has a lower expected value than a degenerate, reference lottery increases with alcohol administration. While from an economic perspective the design and analysis of that study can make it difficult to disentangle learning and wealth effects from risk preferences, it is consistent with the picture painted by studies such as Fromme et al (1997) and Lane et al (2008) 15 that implicate alcohol in lowering inhibitions, which is hypothesized to result in increases in risk taking.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

An expected utility maximizer walks into a bar...

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We conducted field experiments at a bar to test whether blood alcohol concentration (BAC) correlates with violations of the generalized axiom of revealed preference (GARP) and the independence axiom. We found that individuals with BACs well above the legal limit for driving adhere to GARP and independence at rates similar to those who are sober. This finding led to the fielding of a third experiment to explore how risk preferences might vary as a function of BAC. We found gender-specific effects: Men did not exhibit variations in risk preferences across BACs. In contrast, women were more risk averse than men at low BACs but exhibited increasing tolerance towards risks as BAC increased. Based on our estimates, men and women’s risk preferences are predicted to be identical at BACs nearly twice the legal limit for driving. We discuss the implications for policy-makers.

show abstract

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

An expected utility maximizer walks into a bar...

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The elimination profile of FLZ is described as bi or triphasic with a terminal elimination half-life between 16 to 35 h. Rapid redistribution from the central compartment to the tissue compartment and residual concentrations under effective concentrations explain the discrepancy between the half-life of the drug and the duration of its clinical effects (32). FLZ has been listed for many years as one of the recreational drugs that are alleged to enhance sociability and liberate inhibitions; it allows the user to experience feelings of euphoria (33) and engenders increases in risky decision making (34). Actually, in spite of restrictions on its prescription status, FLZ remains largely abused and misused (22, 35 -37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Five Benzodiazepine-Receptor Agonists on Buprenorphine-Induced μ-Opioid Receptor Regulation

Poisnel

Dhilly

Boisselier³

et al. 2009

J Pharmacol Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. In this study, we compared the effects of five short-, medium-, or long-acting benzodiazepine-receptor agonists (BZDs) [alprazolam (APZ), clonazepam (CLZ), flunitrazepam (FLZ), loprazolam (LPZ), zolpidem (ZLP)], at two distinct doses, 0.2 and 2 mg/kg, on the cell surface regulation of μ-opioid receptor induced by 0.15 mg/kg buprenorphine (BPN) in specific regions of the rat brain. Using 0.312 -5 nM [ 3 H]-DAMGO concentrations and Scatchard plot analysis, B max (maximal receptor density) and K d (dissociation constant) were determined at different brain regions of interest (amygdala, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus). Acute BPN induced an expected down-regulation and addition of each of the BZDs to BPN induced less down-regulation than did BPN alone, sometimes while altering affinity. Some significant differences in the intensity of these effects were observed between BZDs. FLZ that is widely abused and enlarges BPN toxicity appeared the most potent to increase μ-cell surface receptor density at the lowest dose of 0.2 mg/kg. Besides, LPZ for which the effect on μ-opioidreceptor regulation appeared lower is considered to have a low risk of dependence in the epidemiological data banks. CLZ and ZLP (2 mg/ kg) induced the strongest modification on μ-opioid-receptor density, but a substantial decrease in affinity could minimize the functional consequences. The reported changes were maximal in the amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus. Among people using BPN and BZDs, the effects described here are likely to influence addictive behaviors and induce toxic effects that could be quantitatively different due to the quality of the BZD.

show abstract

“…However, I will not consider proposals that phasic activity of the locus coreleus, releasing noradrenaline, codes decision outcomes (to optimize performance and exploit predictable rewards), whereas fluctuations in tonic activity allows current behavior to be relinquished (to facilitate exploration) (Aston-Jones and Dayan and Yu, 2006;Yu and Dayan, 2005). Nor will the review consider the role of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and cannabinoid systems in predominantly operant-based studies of risk taking (Lane et al, 2008), or in experiments showing the influence of CB 1 receptor activity in decisions based on expected value . Finally, I will not consider neuropeptides, and their interactions with other modulator, in social choices (Baumgartner et al, 2008;Fehr, 2009;Skuse and Gallagher, 2009).…”

Section: Scope Of Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Roles of Dopamine and Serotonin in Decision Making: Evidence from Pharmacological Experiments in Humans

Rogers

2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

195

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Neurophysiological experiments in primates, alongside neuropsychological and functional magnetic resonance investigations in humans, have significantly enhanced our understanding of the neural architecture of decision making. In this review, I consider the more limited database of experiments that have investigated how dopamine and serotonin activity influences the choices of human adults. These include those experiments that have involved the administration of drugs to healthy controls, experiments that have tested genotypic influences upon dopamine and serotonin function, and, finally, some of those experiments that have examined the effects of drugs on the decision making of clinical samples. Pharmacological experiments in humans are few in number and face considerable methodological challenges in terms of drug specificity, uncertainties about pre-vs post-synaptic modes of action, and interactions with baseline cognitive performance. However, the available data are broadly consistent with current computational models of dopamine function in decision making and highlight the dissociable roles of dopamine receptor systems in the learning about outcomes that underpins value-based decision making. Moreover, genotypic influences on (interacting) prefrontal and striatal dopamine activity are associated with changes in choice behavior that might be relevant to understanding exploratory behaviors and vulnerability to addictive disorders. Manipulations of serotonin in laboratory tests of decision making in human participants have provided less consistent results, but the information gathered to date indicates a role for serotonin in learning about bad decision outcomes, non-normative aspects of risk-seeking behavior, and social choices involving affiliation and notions of fairness. Finally, I suggest that the role played by serotonin in the regulation of cognitive biases, and representation of context in learning, point toward a role in the cortically mediated cognitive appraisal of reinforcers when selecting between actions, potentially accounting for its influence upon the processing salient aversive outcomes and social choice.

show abstract

Modulation of human risky decision making by flunitrazepam

Cited by 21 publications

References 54 publications

An expected utility maximizer walks into a bar...

An expected utility maximizer walks into a bar...

Comparison of Five Benzodiazepine-Receptor Agonists on Buprenorphine-Induced μ-Opioid Receptor Regulation

The Roles of Dopamine and Serotonin in Decision Making: Evidence from Pharmacological Experiments in Humans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About