Interaction Between Race and Gender and Effect on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Assari, Shervin

doi:10.15171/ijer.2018.10

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Based on this hypothesis, gender interacts with race/ethnicity in shaping exposure to discrimination. This hypothesis is supported by a recent study that documented higher levels of implicit bias against Blacks in White men compared to White women [ 29 ]. American society has stereotyped Black males as aggressive and anti-intellectual [ 25 , 27 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use among Caribbean Black Youth; Gender Differences

2018

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Although perceived discrimination in Black youth is a risk factor for a wide range of negative mental health outcomes, recent research has suggested some gender differences in these associations. Gender differences in vulnerability to perceived discrimination among Caribbean Black youth is, however, still unknown. The current cross-sectional study investigated gender variations in the association between perceived discrimination and substance use (SU) in a national sample of Caribbean Black youth. Data came from the National Survey of American Life-Adolescents (NSAL-A), 2003–2004. This analysis included 360 Caribbean Black youth (165 males and 195 females) who were between 13 and 17 years old. Sociodemographic factors, perceived discrimination, and SU were measured. Logistic regressions were used for data analysis. Among Caribbean Black youth, a positive association was found between perceived discrimination and SU (odds ratio (OR) = 1.15 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–1.29)). A significant interaction was found between gender and perceived discrimination on smoking (OR = 1.23 (95% CI = 1.07–1.41)) suggesting that the association between perceived discrimination and smoking is larger for male than female Caribbean Black youth. The interaction between gender and perceived discrimination on SU was not statistically significant (OR = 1.32 (95% CI = 0.94–1.86)). While perceived discrimination increases SU in Caribbean Black youth, this effect is stronger for males than females, especially for smoking. While discrimination should be reduced at all levels and for all populations, clinicians may specifically address discrimination for SU prevention and treatment among male Caribbean Black youth.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use among Caribbean Black Youth; Gender Differences

2018

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“…To fill the gap on the effects of PTD on school performance among African American youth, we explored gender variation in the link between PTD and grade point average (GPA) in a national sample of African American youth. In line with the past literature on male–female differences in exposure and sensitivity to discrimination [ 30 , 31 , 47 , 51 ] and other types of stress [ 19 , 42 ], we expected an interaction between gender and discrimination. We expected a larger effect of PTD on GPA in males compared to females.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…However, it was female not male youth who were sensitive to the effects of teacher discrimination on school performance. A large body of evidence shows gendered response to discrimination, but the outcomes that follow discrimination are specific to gender [ 21 , 23 , 30 , 31 , 42 , 44 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gender also alters the harmful effects of discrimination [ 19 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], with females being more prone to the effects of discrimination on obesity and eating disorders [ 45 ] and males being more prone to the effects of discrimination on psychological distress [ 21 ], anxiety/depression [ 20 ], and substance use [ 46 ]. Thus, exposure and sensitivity to discrimination are not merely shaped by race and ethnicity, but by the intersection of gender and race/ethnicity [ 21 , 23 , 30 , 31 , 42 , 44 , 47 ]. As each intersectional social group (e.g., race/ethnicity by gender groups) has a unique life history, values systems, expectations, support systems, attributions, and norms [ 48 ], causes and consequences of the very same discriminatory experiences may vary for them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Teacher Discrimination Reduces School Performance of African American Youth: Role of Gender

Assari

Caldwell

2018

Brain Sciences

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Background: Gender may alter African Americans’ vulnerability to discrimination. The type of outcomes that follow exposure to discrimination may also be gender-specific. Although teacher discrimination is known to deteriorate school performance, it is yet unknown whether male and female African American youth differ in the effect of teacher discrimination on school performance. Objective: This cross-sectional study explored the moderating role of gender on the effect of teacher discrimination on school performance in a national sample of African American youth. Methods: The National Survey of American Life-Adolescent Supplement (NSAL-A) enrolled a nationally representative sample (n = 810) of 13–17-year-old African American youth. Demographic factors, socioeconomic status, teacher discrimination, and school performance (grade point average, GPA) were measured. Linear multivariable regression models were applied for data analysis. Results: Males and females reported similar levels of perceived teacher discrimination. In the pooled sample, higher teacher discrimination was associated with lower school performance among African American youth (b = −0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.49 to −0.22). Gender interacted with perceived teacher discrimination (b = 12; 95% CI = 0.24–2.02), suggesting a significant difference between males and females in the magnitude of the association between perceived teacher discrimination and GPA. In stratified models, perceived teacher discrimination was associated with worse school performance of females (b = −12; 95% CI = −0.03 to −2.78) but not males (b = 0.01; 95% CI = −0.07 to 0.08). Conclusion: In line with previous studies, gender was found to alter the vulnerability of African American youth to perceived discrimination. African American boys and girls may differ in their sensitivity to the effects of teacher discrimination on school performance.

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“…White physicians with high implicit racial bias against Blacks may have worse interaction with their Black patients . Implicit and explicit biases of the health‐care system against Blacks can specifically reduce quality of patient‐physician interactions and chance of LCS discussion for Black patients …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patients’ age and discussion with doctors about lung cancer screening: Diminished returns of Blacks

2019

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Objective As age is one of the main risk factors for lung cancer, older adults are expected to receive more messages regarding lung cancer screening (LCS). It is, however, unclear whether age similarly increases patients’ chance of discussing LCS across various racial groups. We aimed to determine racial differences in the effect of patients’ age on patient‐physician discussion about LCS. Methods This cross‐sectional study borrowed data from the Health Information National Trends Survey 5 (HINTS 2017), which included 2277 adults. Patients’ demographic factors, socioeconomic characteristics, smoking status, possible LCS indication, and patient‐physician discussion about LCS were measured. We ran logistic regression models for data analysis. Results Independent of possible LCS indication, older patients were more likely to have a patient‐physician discussion about LCS. However, there was a significant interaction between race and age, suggesting a larger effect of age on the likelihood of discussing LCS with doctors for Whites than Blacks. In race‐stratified models that controlled for possible LCS indication, higher age increased lung cancer discussion for Whites but not for Blacks. Conclusion Whether age increases the chance of discussing LCS or not depends on the patient's race, with Blacks receiving fewer messages regarding LCS as a result of their aging.

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Interaction Between Race and Gender and Effect on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Cited by 19 publications

References 77 publications

Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use among Caribbean Black Youth; Gender Differences

Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use among Caribbean Black Youth; Gender Differences

Teacher Discrimination Reduces School Performance of African American Youth: Role of Gender

Patients’ age and discussion with doctors about lung cancer screening: Diminished returns of Blacks

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