Patients’ age and discussion with doctors about lung cancer screening: Diminished returns of Blacks

Chalian, Hamid; Khoshpouri, Pegah; Assari, Shervin

doi:10.1002/agm2.12053

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Education results in more gain for White and non-Hispanic than for Black and Hispanic children [ 14 ], youth [ 6 , 10 , 18 ], adults [ 5 ], and older adults [ 8 ]. We have documented similar MDRs in Blacks [ 17 , 22 ], Asian Americans [ 43 ], Native Americans [ 50 ], Hispanics [ 3 , 51 ], and members of the LGBTQ community [ 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Among adults, educational attainment shows a weaker negative association with smoking [7], drinking [8], poor diet [9], obesity [10], depression [11], suicidality [12], and mortality [13] for Blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic Whites. Researchers have replicated these findings for children [14], youth [15], adults [11], and older adults [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Terms of Youth School Performance: Ruling out Regression toward the Mean

et al. 2020

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Background: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to systemically weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators on various developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes of ethnic minorities compared to non-Hispanic (non-Latino) Whites. Similar MDRs also exist for the effects of parental education on the school performance of ethnic minority youth. Aim: To assess whether regression toward the mean (RTM) has any role in explaining the diminished effects of parental education on the school performance of Black and Hispanic youth relative to non-Hispanic White youth. Materials and methods: Data for this cross-sectional study came from the Monitoring the Future survey (MTF, 2017), a nationally representative survey of American youth in 12th grade. The sample included 10,262 youth who were 12th graders (typically 17–18 years old). The independent variable was parental education with five categories: Some high school, High school graduate, Some college, College graduate, and Graduate school. The outcome was self-reported school performance measured as grade point average (GPA). Ethnicity was the effect modifier. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey Post Hoc test was used to analyze the data. Data visualization (line graphs) was used to visualize the shape of youth GPA as a function of parental education levels across ethnic groups. Results: While a perfect stepwise increase was seen in youth school performance as a result of parental education improvement, this pattern differed considerably across ethnic groups. Such a perfect stepwise increase in youth school performance as a result of the incremental increase in parental education was missing for Black and Hispanic youth. The shape of the association between parental education and youth school performance ruled out regression toward the mean (RTM) as an explanation for the observed diminished effects of parental education on the school performance of Black and Hispanic youth. Conclusion: Diminished returns of parental education on the school performance of Black and Hispanic youth cannot be explained by regression toward the mean. Other factors and contextual processes, such as segregation, discrimination, racism, and poor quality of schools in urban areas, should be investigated in future research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Terms of Youth School Performance: Ruling out Regression toward the Mean

et al. 2020

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“…The effects of educational attainment, income, marital status, and employment on obesity, depression, anxiety, self-rated health, and chronic disease are smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than Whites. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] A contribution of this study is to extend the MDRs literature to AIANs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effects of Educational Attainment Against Cigarette Smoking; Diminished Returns of American Indians and Alaska Natives in the National Health Interview Survey

Assari

Bazargan

2019

Int J Travel Med Glob Health

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Introduction: Although educational attainment is protective against health risk behaviors such as smoking, the Minorities’ Diminished Returns theory posits that these protective effects are smaller for ethnic minorities than majority groups. This study compared the effects of educational attainment on the smoking status of American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) and White adults. Methods: Data came from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS - 2015). A total number of 21114 individuals entered the current analysis. The independent variable was years of schooling. The dependent variable was current smoking status. Age, gender, region, marital status, and employment were the covariates. Ethnicity was the moderator. Results: Overall, educational attainment was inversely associated with current smoking. Ethnicity showed a significant interaction with educational attainment suggesting that the protective effects of educational attainment against smoking are smaller for AIANs than for Whites. Conclusion: In the United States, while educational attainment helps individuals stay healthy by avoiding high risk behaviors such as smoking, this effect is smaller for AIANs than Whites, resulting in additional risk of smoking in highly educated AIANs. To reduce ethnic disparities in tobacco use, it is important to go beyond SES inequalities and investigate why high SES ethnic minorities remain at high risk of tobacco use.

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“…Blacks experience other types of adversities. For instance, while age increased Whites’ chance of having a conversation about lung cancer with their doctors, Blacks’ chance of discussing lung cancer with their doctor did not increase due to ageing, which may increase the risk of undiagnosed cancer in high risk Black individuals [58]. In another study, perceived risk of cancer was associated with higher cancer screening for Whites but not Blacks [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HINTS study series provides a nationally representative picture of Americans’ cancer related information [55]. HINTS-5, Cycle 1 data were collected between January and May 2017 [56,57,58].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Beliefs, Cognitions, and Emotions

2019

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Aim: To determine whether socioeconomic status (SES; educational attainment and income) explains the racial gap in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions in a national sample of American adults. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, data came from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017, which included a nationally representative sample of American adults. The study enrolled 2277 adults who were either non-Hispanic Black (n = 409) or non-Hispanic White (n = 1868). Race, demographic factors (age and gender), SES (i.e., educational attainment and income), health access (insurance status, usual source of care), family history of cancer, fatalistic cancer beliefs, perceived risk of cancer, and cancer worries were measured. We ran structural equation models (SEMs) for data analysis. Results: Race and SES were associated with perceived risk of cancer, cancer worries, and fatalistic cancer beliefs, suggesting that non-Hispanic Blacks, low educational attainment and low income were associated with higher fatalistic cancer beliefs, lower perceived risk of cancer, and less cancer worries. Educational attainment and income only partially mediated the effects of race on cancer beliefs, emotions, and cognitions. Race was directly associated with fatalistic cancer beliefs, perceived risk of cancer, and cancer worries, net of SES. Conclusions: Racial gap in SES is not the only reason behind racial gap in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions. Racial gap in cancer related beliefs, emotions, and cognitions is the result of race and SES rather than race or SES. Elimination of racial gap in socioeconomic status will not be enough for elimination of racial disparities in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions in the United States.

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Patients’ age and discussion with doctors about lung cancer screening: Diminished returns of Blacks

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Terms of Youth School Performance: Ruling out Regression toward the Mean

Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Terms of Youth School Performance: Ruling out Regression toward the Mean

Protective Effects of Educational Attainment Against Cigarette Smoking; Diminished Returns of American Indians and Alaska Natives in the National Health Interview Survey

Combined Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Beliefs, Cognitions, and Emotions

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