Inter-subject variability in the metabolism of aluminium following intravenous injection as citrate

Abstract

<jats:p> 1 Six healthy male volunteers received intravenous injec tions of <jats:sup>26</jats:sup>Al as citrate. Accelerator mass spectrometry and γ-ray spectrometry were used to determine levels of the tracer in blood and excreta at times up to 5-6 d. </jats:p><jats:p> 2 There was a rapid clearance from blood (mean 2% of injection remaining after 1 d) and major loss in urine (59% up to 1 d), but 27 ± 7 (s.d.)% was retained in the body at 5 d. Faecal excretion was negligible (1% up to 5 d). </jats:p><jats:p> 3 The mean results accord with the early metabolic pat tern in the single subject of a previous, more extensive study, who had retained 4% of the injection after 3 y. Together, the two studies point to the likelihood of large inter-subject differences in the long-term accumulation of dietary aluminium by populations receiving a given level of daily intake. </jats:p>

Safety of aluminium from dietary intake ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials (AFC)

“…Within the first day of receiving a single injection of 26 Al citrate, approximately 59% of the dose was excreted in the urine of six subjects; 72 and 1.2% was excreted in the urine and feces, respectively, during the first 5 days . At the end of 5 days, it was estimated that 27% of the dose was retained in the body Talbot et al 1995). When 26 Al levels were monitored more than 3 years after a single subject received the injection, a half-life of approximately 7 years was calculated .…”

Dendrimer-like alpha-d-glucan nanoparticles activate dendritic cells and are effective vaccine adjuvants

“…However, aluminum adjuvants are ineffective in inducing a cell-mediated immune response; are inactivated by freezing; can have a detrimental effect on the stability of vaccine antigens; and are associated with local adverse vaccine reactions. In addition, aluminum is not biodegradable, and most of it is excreted via the kidneys and sweat glands [5,6]. A variety of materials has been tested as vaccine adjuvants with variable degrees of success, and only a few alternatives to aluminum adjuvants have found their way into licensed vaccines [7].…”

<em>Rehmannia glutinosa</em> polysaccharide liposome as a novel strategy for stimulating an efficient immune response and their effects on dendritic cells

“…In addition, aluminum is not biodegradable. 3,4 At the same time, natural polymers such as polysaccharides have been widely studied as safe and potent alternative adjuvants, which can effectively strengthen the primary and the adaptive immune responses, and as a consequence increase the efficacy of vaccines. 5,6 Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide (RGP), one of the active components of R. glutinosa, was shown to exert strong immunomodulatory properties.…”