Inter-species diversity and functional genomic analyses of closed genome assemblies of clinically isolated, megaplasmid-containing Enterococcus raffinosus Er676 and ATCC49464

Abstract

Enterococcus raffinosus is an understudied member of its genus possessing a characteristic megaplasmid contributing to a large genome size. Although less commonly associated with human infection compared to other enterococci, this species can cause disease and persist in diverse niches such as the gut, urinary tract, blood and environment. Few complete genome assemblies have been published to date for E. raffinosus . In this study, we report the complete assembly of the first clinical urinary E. raffinosus strain, Er676, isolated from a postmenopausal woman with history of recurrent urinary tract infection. We additionally completed the assembly of clinical type strain ATCC49464. Comparative genomic analyses reveal inter-species diversity driven by large accessory genomes. The presence of a conserved megaplasmid indicates it is a ubiquitous and vital genetic feature of E. raffinosus . We find that the E. raffinosus chromosome is enriched for DNA replication and protein biosynthesis genes while the megaplasmid is enriched for transcription and carbohydrate metabolism genes. Prophage analysis suggests that diversity in the chromosome and megaplasmid sequences arises, in part, from horizontal gene transfer. Er676 demonstrated the largest genome size reported to date for E. raffinosus and the highest probability of human pathogenicity. Er676 also possesses multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, of which all but one are encoded on the chromosome, and has the most complete prophage sequences. Complete assembly and comparative analyses of the Er676 and ATCC49464 genomes provide important insight into the inter-species diversity of E. raffinosus that gives it its ability to colonize and persist in the human body. Investigating genetic factors that contribute to the pathogenicity of this species will provide valuable tools to combat diseases caused by this opportunistic pathogen.

Lipid discovery enabled by sequence statistics and machine learning

“…Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 [38] was grown at 37 • C with shaking at 220 rpm in Trypic Soy Broth (TSB). Streptococcus agalactiae COH1 ATCC BAA-1176 [39] and CJB111 [40,41] were grown in THB at 37 • C. Enterococcus faecium 1,231,410 [42], Enterococcus faecalis T11 [43] and OG1RF [44], Enterococcus gallinarium EG2 [42], Enterococcus casseliflavus EC10 [42], and Enterococcus raffinosus Er676 [45] were grown at 37 • C in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). Enterococcus dispar ATCC 51266 [46] was grown at 30 • C in BHI.…”