Intensity modulation and direct detection quantum key distribution based on quantum noise

Abstract

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been studied for achieving perfectly secure cryptography based on quantum mechanics. This paper presents a novel QKD scheme that is based on an intensitymodulation and direct-detection system. Two slightly intensity-modulated pulses are sent from a transmitter, and a receiver determines key bits from the directly detected intensity. We analyzed the system performance for two typical eavesdropping methods, a beam splitting attack and an interceptresend attack, with an assumption that the transmitting and receiving devices are fully trusted. Our brief analysis showed that short-or middle-range QKD systems are achievable with a simple setup.

Performance evaluation and security analysis of ground‐to‐satellite FSO system with CV‐QKD protocol

“…where P R is the received power at the APD surface and I D is the dark current. Assuming equal probability data transmission such that P(0) = P(1) = 0.5, joint probabilities between Alice and Bob are summarised in Table 1 as presented in [59]. The averages of these joint probabilities over the fading channel due to turbulence and beam wandering can be obtained using Table 1 and (4)…”

Performance of Free-Space QKD Systems Using SIM/BPSK and Dual-Threshold/Direct-Detection

“…To derive the closed-form expressions for the joint probabilities in (13) and (14), using the Gauss-Hermite quadrature formula…”

“…To further simplify CV-QKD systems, intensity modulation with dual-threshold/direct detection (DT/DD) over fiber CV-QKD systems has been recently proposed employing on-off keying (OOK) with PIN receivers [13]. The channel-state information (CSI) is required at the receiver to optimize the dual thresholds, and CSI estimation can be easily done in the optical fiber environment due to the non-fading channel characteristics.…”

Design and Performance of Relay-Assisted Satellite Free-Space Optical Quantum Key Distribution Systems

“…This, however, results in a high deployment cost due to the need for a sophisticated phase-stabilized local light. To achieve the QKD function with a simpler setup, intensity modulation (IM) with dual-threshold/direct detection (DT/DD) has been proposed for fiber CV-QKD systems [8].…”