Intensification of organic reactions with hybrid flow reactors

The Combined Use of Microwaves and Ultrasound: Methods and Practice

“…In the search for further intensification, this transformation has also been explored in a flow reactor using semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatographic columns filled with silica gel bearing 3-propylsulfonic acid groups [50]. Without such functionalization, poor yields were obtained.…”

Effects of Ultrasound and Microwaves on Selective Reduction: Catalyst Preparation and Reactions

“…[7] The excellent results on catalyst preparation by means of US-or MWassisted protocols reported in the literature may open the way for larger-scale work which may see the use of loop reactors with multiple units combined in a sequential manner. [8,9] Selective or partial catalytic reduction is widely applied in the synthesis of intermediates of pesticides, herbicides, drugs, pigments and dyes. Since the early 1980s, US has been applied for the activation of heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenations.…”

Microwave-promoted synthesis of cyclic imides

“…The use of single mode MW reactors in continuous flow reactions, capable of operating at elevated temperatures and pressures, are gaining popularity. 72,73 The MW-induced flow chemistry has also been adapted to the use of microreactors. 74 MW-induced chemistry has been used in combination with ultrasound (US), either in a sequential or a simultaneous fashion.…”

“…Synergic or additive effects resulting from the combination of both strategies have been widely demonstrated. 73,[75][76][77] MW-assisted organic reactions are classified into two categories: MW-assisted reactions in which solvents are used and those that proceed under solvent-free conditions. In the case of the MW-assisted reactions in which solvents are employed, the reactants are usually dissolved in the solvent, which often couples effectively with MW, thus acting as the energy transfer medium (Solution Phase Chemistry, SPC).…”