Intelligent Exoskeleton for Patients with Paralysis

Artificial Intelligence-Based Wearable Robotic Exoskeletons for Upper Limb Rehabilitation: A Review

“…In general, robotic exoskeletons that reported the use of 3D printed structures are usually characterised by their low weight and good mechanical properties that allow their use in rehabilitation. Within this segment, the developments with the highest degree of portability were reported in [ 22 , 26 , 29 , 42 ]. They are distinguished by the easy donning and doffing procedures and their versatility in the applications of different rehabilitation protocols.…”

“…Rigid exoskeletons are systems designed mechanically to support the full weight of the limbs [ 31 , 36 , 40 , 45 , 52 , 53 ] and their structure usually offers high resistance to tension or deformation [ 23 , 24 , 41 , 48 ]. Hard exoskeletons can be quite compact and provide some mechanical flexibility, which facilitates limb mobilisation tasks [ 22 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 37 , 42 , 46 ].…”

“…These characteristics have allowed caregivers to implement different rehabilitation protocols for elderly populations or patients with motor impairments. Other devices are less compact but provide high levels of support [ 42 , 48 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. For the system by Bakri [ 42 ], simulations and resistance tests were carried out to confirm the proper functioning of the material with multiple weights on the mechanical structure.…”

“…Other devices are less compact but provide high levels of support [ 42 , 48 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. For the system by Bakri [ 42 ], simulations and resistance tests were carried out to confirm the proper functioning of the material with multiple weights on the mechanical structure. Taulman nylon 680 and polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG) plastic were used, which have good mechanical properties and low cost, and meet the FDA’s regulatory standards for use in medical devices.…”

“…Various developments [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 31 , 42 ] do not specifically refer to the implemented operation modes; however, it was deduced that an active control was implemented. In other works [ 39 , 40 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 51 ], the robotic exoskeleton has provided complete rehabilitation assistance through active control.…”