Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior: A Meta-Analysis

Alexander, Ryan; Reynolds, Matthew R.

doi:10.1080/2372966x.2020.1717374

Cited by 32 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Adaptive behavior is defined as the conceptual, social, and practical skills that are needed to function within his/her environment of an individual in everyday life (Schalock et al, 2021). Historically, adaptive behavior has been a central point of discussion for nosology and outcomes in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (Luckasson et al, 2002; National Research Council (US) Committee on Disability Determination for Mental Retardation et al, 2002;Alexander and Reynolds, 2020). In fact, while evidence of a low intelligence quotient (IQ) is still required for a diagnosis of intellectual disability (ID; previously called mental retardation), DSM-5 currently stipulates that the level of ID (i.e., mild, moderate, severe, and profound) should be based on adaptive functioning rather than IQ (American Psychiatry Association, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, while evidence of a low intelligence quotient (IQ) is still required for a diagnosis of intellectual disability (ID; previously called mental retardation), DSM-5 currently stipulates that the level of ID (i.e., mild, moderate, severe, and profound) should be based on adaptive functioning rather than IQ (American Psychiatry Association, 2013). This reflects the understanding that although cognitive and adaptive functioning is correlated, the capacity to acquire a given skill may be different than the likelihood of actually executing that skill in everyday life (Sparrow and Cicchetti, 1985;Keith et al, 1987;Oakland and Harrison, 2008;Alexander and Reynolds, 2020). For example, multiple studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show that adaptive behavior can be significantly impaired even among individuals with high IQ (Klin et al, 2007;Duncan and Bishop, 2013;Kraper et al, 2017;Meyer et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adaptive Behavior as an Alternative Outcome to Intelligence Quotient in Studies of Children at Risk: A Study of Preschool-Aged Children in Flint, MI, USA

et al. 2021

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Intelligence quotient (IQ) is commonly measured in child development studies, while adaptive behavior is less frequently considered. Given its associations with functional outcomes in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities, adaptive behavior may be a useful outcome in general population samples, as well. This study aimed to compare social and environmental correlates of adaptive behavior vs. IQ in a sample of preschoolers exposed to the Flint water crisis (N = 184). Mother–child dyads were recruited from the community and administered a comprehensive battery to obtain information about child neurodevelopmental functioning, including direct assessment of IQ via the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and assessment of parent-reported adaptive functioning via the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Multiple social environmental factors were explored as potential correlates of child outcomes (i.e., IQ and adaptive behavior), and robust correlates were identified using a data-driven approach [i.e., least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression]. We then examined associations between the LASSO-selected predictors and IQ and adaptive behavior while controlling for child age, child sex, and maternal age. Children in this sample showed relative strength in adaptive behaviors, with scores in the adequate range, while average IQs fell in the low-average range. Adaptive behavior was significantly associated with maternal nurturance practices, while IQ was associated with the maternal education level. Implications for the use of adaptive behavior as an outcome measure in studies of children at an increased risk for neurodevelopmental problems are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Behavior as an Alternative Outcome to Intelligence Quotient in Studies of Children at Risk: A Study of Preschool-Aged Children in Flint, MI, USA

et al. 2021

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“…We also identified adaptive problems in our cohort although the comparison in abnormal adaptive rates between groups was not significant. There is generally a correlation between intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour and the grand mean of the correlations in IQ groups of ≥90 in participants aged 5–12 is about 0.4 [ 41 ]. In our study the Pearson correlation coefficient for FSIQ and adaptive behaviour was poor, at 0.31, but similar to the literature average.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term neurodevelopment outcomes of hand, foot and mouth disease inpatients infected with EV-A71 or CV-A16, a retrospective cohort study

Liang

Cheng

Liu

et al. 2021

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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“…2011; Obi et al . 2011), and a meta‐analysis by Alexander (2018) found little relation between adaptive behaviour and IQ scores below 50. Additionally, IQ scores may not necessarily be predictive of skill level within a particular domain such as memory (Southwick et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive assessment using the Rapid Assessment for Developmental Disabilities, Second Edition (RADD‐2)

Hom

Walsh

Fernández

et al. 2021

J intellect Disabil Res

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Background Individuals with developmental disabilities (DD) often have severe impairments and maladaptive behaviours that make it difficult to reliably assess their cognitive abilities. Given these challenges, the Rapid Assessment of Developmental Disabilities, Second Edition (RADD‐2), was designed to measure general cognitive ability in this population. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the battery's psychometric properties when used with individuals with DD who have challenging behavioural and psychiatric conditions and for those who have limited verbal skills. Method The cognitive and adaptive behaviour skills of 193 children and adults with DD and considerable medical, behavioural and/or psychiatric problems were evaluated using the first and second editions of the RADD, Kaufmann Brief Intelligence Test – 2nd Edition, and Scales of Independent Behaviour – Revised Edition. Medication side effects and challenging behaviours were assessed using the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist. Results There were no floor or ceiling effects on the RADD‐2. Both the nonverbal index and total scores had strong concurrent validity with other abbreviated tests of intellectual ability and good discriminant validity from measures of adaptive behaviour and medication side effects. RADD‐2 scores also had strong criterion validity as they successfully differentiated between all levels of intellectual functioning. Age and sex did not differentially affect RADD‐2 performance, and the co‐occurrence of psychiatric conditions did not negatively affect performance. The only medical condition associated with lower RADD‐2 performance was epilepsy. Conclusions The RADD‐2 can quantify the differential cognitive abilities of individuals with DD, even for those with minimal communication skills, challenging behaviours or severe medication side effects that can typically complicate assessment. This brief cognitive battery can be used to measure changes due to interventions, on the one hand, and progression of neurological disease, on the other.

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Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior: A Meta-Analysis

Cited by 32 publications

References 97 publications

Adaptive Behavior as an Alternative Outcome to Intelligence Quotient in Studies of Children at Risk: A Study of Preschool-Aged Children in Flint, MI, USA

Adaptive Behavior as an Alternative Outcome to Intelligence Quotient in Studies of Children at Risk: A Study of Preschool-Aged Children in Flint, MI, USA

Long-term neurodevelopment outcomes of hand, foot and mouth disease inpatients infected with EV-A71 or CV-A16, a retrospective cohort study

Cognitive assessment using the Rapid Assessment for Developmental Disabilities, Second Edition (RADD‐2)

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