“…Human capital is characterized as the intellectual capacity inherent in individuals within an organization. Indicators of human capital encompass aspects like training, both formal and non-formal education, specialized workers, tenure of employees, human resource policies, risk-taking initiatives, employee engagement and creativity, turnover rates, skill sets of organizational members, their experience, innovation capabilities, loyalty, and motivation for growth (Aljuboori et al, 2022;Andreeva & Garanina, 2016Asiaei & Jusoh, 2015;Beltramino et al, 2022;Gómez-Valenzuela, 2022;Hu & Lee, 2022;Laallam et al, 2022). These facets, intrinsically linked to the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of employees, can potentially enhance firm performance through the optimization of human capital.…”