“…Some studies have explored differences in children's development as a function of the nature of the PI environment. Researchers have derived main characteristics of families that influence child's development: stability of placement (Berrick, Barth, & Needell, 1994;Brown, Cohon, & Wheeler, 2002;Testa, 1997), socioeconomic status (e.g., Colombo, de la Parra, & Lopez, 1992;Duyme, Dumaret, & Tomkiewicz, 1999), and the presence/absence of abuse and neglect in PI families (Barth & Berry, 1994;Farmer, 1996;Runyan & Gold, 1985;Terling, 1999;Wald, Carlsmith, & Leiderman, 1988). Adoptive homes can be considered to be the most appropriate environment for a child's development while restored and kinship families may be less appropriate.…”