“…Scholars argue that students will need to use their imaginations to visualize membrane movements at the cellular and molecular levels for these two topics (Bonney, 2015;Oliver et al, 2017;Oztas, 2014;Wolkow, Durrenberger, Maynard, Harrall, & Hines, 2014). All of these arguments suggest that higher cognitive process is inevitable if students are expected to explain the processes later or to others in their own words, and these activities require communicative and basic scientific skills (Li, Sun, & Cai, 2022;Örnek & Soylu, 2021). As osmosis and diffusion are fundamental concepts, students need to conceptualize these concepts in later chapters that deal with other complex biological processes and concepts such as dynamic equilibrium, solvent, solute, direction of movement, the role of osmosis in plants and living organisms, and the relationship between the quantity of solvent and solute (Artun & Coştu, 2013;Hasni, Roy, & Dumais, 2016;Odom & Kelly, 2001;Oztas, 2014).…”