Integrating a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle with vehicle-to-grid technology, photovoltaic power and a residential building

Robledo, Carla; Oldenbroek, V.D.W.M.; Abbruzzese, Francesca; Wijk, Ad van

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.038

Cited by 212 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It is possible for FCEVs to generate more power, although this would require a better understanding of the cooling capacity of the radiator when parked and the maximum operating temperature of the PEMFC. Tests at different DC powers in the range of 0–10 kW done with the same set‐up, show that 10 kW gives the highest V2G efficiency . Conducting further tests at DC powers above 10 kW would provide full insight into the partial load and optimum V2G efficiency.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…If all cars were capable of delivering 100 kW (the same as when in driving mode) to the grid via a virtual power plant arrangement, 15–20 % minimal generation could be achieved without any problem. Tests at different DC powers in the range of 0–10 kW done with the same set‐up, show that 10 kW gives the highest V2G efficiency . Conducting further tests at DC powers above 10 kW would provide full insight into the partial load and optimum V2G efficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle‐to‐Grid: Experimental Feasibility and Operational Performance as Balancing Power Plant

et al. 2018

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The world's future energy supply will include intermittent renewable sources, such as solar and wind power. To guarantee reliability of supply, fast‐reacting, dispatchable and renewable back‐up power plants are required. One promising alternative is parked and grid‐connected hydrogen‐powered fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) in “Vehicle‐to‐Grid“ systems. We modified a commercial FCEV and installed an external 9.5 kW three‐phase alternating current (AC) grid connection. Our experimental verification of this set‐up shows that FCEVs can be used for mobility as well as generating power when parked. Our experimental results demonstrate that present‐day grid‐connected FCEVs can respond to high load gradients in the range of –760 % s−1 to + 730 % s−1, due to the parallel connection of the high voltage battery and the fuel cell stack. Virtual power plants composed of multiple grid‐connected FCEVs could perform higher power gradients than existing fast‐reacting thermal power plants with typical power gradients of 1.67 % s−1. Hydrogen consumption in 9.5 kW AC grid‐connected mode was 0.55 kg h−1, resulting in a Tank‐To‐Grid‐AC efficiency of 43% on a higher heating value basis (51 % on a lower heating value basis). Direct current to alternating current efficiency was 95 %.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle‐to‐Grid: Experimental Feasibility and Operational Performance as Balancing Power Plant

et al. 2018

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“…Controlling the water contents of the protons exchange membranes between the ideal state and the saturated state at any time can strongly improve the optimal output power densities of an irreversible PEMFC [79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling and Controlling of ion transport rate efficiency in Proton exchange membrane (PEMFC), alkaline (AFC), direct methanol (DMFC), phosphoric acid (PAFC), direct forming acid(DFAFC) and direct carbon (DCFC) fuel cells

2019

Biointerface Res Appl Chem

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Ion transport rate of DFAFC, PAFC, AFC, PEMFC, DMFC and SOFC fuel cells have been studied. AFC which uses an aqueous alkaline electrolyte is suitable for temperature below 90 degree and is appropriate for higher current applications, while PEMFC is suitable for lower temperature compared to others. Thermodynamic equations have been investigated for those fuel cells in viewpoint of voltage output data. Effects of operating data including temperature (T), pressure (P), proton exchange membrane water content (λ) , and proton exchange membrane thickness ( on the optimal performance of the irreversible fuel cells have been studied. Performance of fuel cells was analyzed by simulating polarization and power curves for a fuel cell operating at various conditions with current densities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SEPS are solutions "expected to support the active participation of end users in balancing energy demand and supply in the electricity network" [1] by creating an environment where energy use is flexible [2][3][4], efficient, reliable [5], sustainable and cost-effective [6]. Examples of SEPS include smart meters, smart appliances, electric and fuel cell vehicles [7,8], residential energy storage systems [9,10], and home energy management systems (HEMS) [11] among others.The widespread implementation of SEPS in smart grids could enable greater interaction between end users, home appliances and energy suppliers, facilitating energy efficiency, local production and energy trading with the grid in order to improve the effectiveness of demand response strategies and reduce the required capacity for local energy storage [12,13]. This requires more active end user involvement which is currently limited by user acceptance, with users frequently finding SEPS difficult to understand and interact with [14][15][16].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation-Supported Testing of Smart Energy Product Prototypes

et al. 2019

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Smart energy products and services (SEPS) have a key role in the development of smart grids, and testing methods such as co-simulation and scenario-based simulations can be useful tools for evaluating the potential of new SEPS concepts during their early development stages. Three innovative conceptual designs for home energy management products (HEMPs)—a specific category of SEPS—were successfully tested using a simulation environment, validating their operation using simulated production and load profiles. For comparison with reality, end user tests were carried out on two of the HEMP concepts and showed mixed results for achieving more efficient energy use, with one of the concepts reducing energy consumption by 27% and the other increasing it by 25%. The scenario-based simulations provided additional insights on the performance of these products, matching some of the general trends observed during end user tests but failing to sufficiently approximate the observed results. Overall, the presented testing methods successfully evaluated the performance of HEMPs under various use conditions and identified bottlenecks, which could be improved in future designs. It is recommended that in addition to HEMPs, these tests are repeated with different SEPS and energy systems to enhance the robustness of the methods.

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Integrating a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle with vehicle-to-grid technology, photovoltaic power and a residential building

Cited by 212 publications

References 29 publications

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle‐to‐Grid: Experimental Feasibility and Operational Performance as Balancing Power Plant

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle‐to‐Grid: Experimental Feasibility and Operational Performance as Balancing Power Plant

Modelling and Controlling of ion transport rate efficiency in Proton exchange membrane (PEMFC), alkaline (AFC), direct methanol (DMFC), phosphoric acid (PAFC), direct forming acid(DFAFC) and direct carbon (DCFC) fuel cells

Simulation-Supported Testing of Smart Energy Product Prototypes

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