Integrated protection from prevalent wheat parasites in semiarid region

Abstract

This paper is aimed at presenting contemporary knowledge in the field of integral wheat protection against parasites, i.e. the use of cultural measures and genetic analyses directed at adequate use of breeding results, monitoring and forecasting of prevalent parasite growth and development with the aim of rational fungicide application. In addition, the paper suggests the proper use of biological measures through artificial infection with Pyrenophora tritici repentis (Ptr) in years not favourable for facultative parasite development. Growing of the varieties not lower than 85 cm with optimal stem growth ratio in regions with 550-650 mm precipitation, deep and complete soil cultivation plus nutrition before sowing in late October reduced the risk of facultative parasite appearance on lower and middle leaves by over 15%, which was considered useful because of the antagonism to obligate parasites. Severity of Puccinia triticina on last two leaves when facultative parasites were absent was increased at 60-70% as maximal level according to suggested SAGR. Nevertheless, we suggest growing of varieties with prolonged latency period resistant to Puccinia triticina. The aim is to avoid overaccumulation of resistance genes consequential through the decrease of wheat grain yielding potential. Genes facilitating toxin from Ptr spreading have to be excluded because of necessary antagonistic effect from the middle leaves. This implies gene for the obligate parasite specific resistance diversity of varieties in order to reduce the probability of simultaneous overcoming of resistance and avoid insurmountable changes in seed production. The final result of the proposed system should be the last two leaves with mostly minimal parasite appearance and the possibility of economical and efficient single curative treatment application once in ten years when facultative parasites are absent in spring or after the resistance of variety is overcome in standard conditions. The practical aim was also dependent on leaf rust development and green leaf area dissapearence forecasting models as well as balance between the size of the farm and equipment due to short deadlines

Interaction of two neonicotinoid insecticides and Lr genes focusing wheat growth and residues

“…LGR of Lr 2c NIL in comparison with NILs containing specific Lr genes and Lr 22b was intermediate explained by the association with a complementary gene from nonspecific group of Lr genes according to the study when the effect of Lr Tc on 2D chromosome was defined (Jerković et al 2013b). This gene in Lr 29 NIL most likely increased LGR.…”

Tolerance of wheat varieties seedlings by glyphosate accelerated degradation

“…Such, one could conclude that they had to be stable and present in wheat varieties. If assortment was handled according to sustainable economic Puccinia triticina control based on varieties containing different Lr genes, suggested by Jerkovic et al (2013a), unfortunately than, potential practical tolerance to this herbicide in semiarid region should be also temporary in all or only partially applicable. According to nowadays stated pathways, respecting at first more time for original herbicide residua elimination before transfer in seed, consequences on growth and then facilitated recovering of chlorophyll, glyphosate apply near wheat heading become solution because of temporary expected enough increased temperature or drought stress necessary for Lr 29 or Lr 19 genes activity even parasite free.…”