Integrated comparative metabolite profiling via NMR and GC–MS analyses for tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia) fingerprinting and quality control analysis

Abstract

Tongkat ali commonly known as Malaysian Ginseng (Eurycomalongifolia) is a herbal root worldwide available in nutraceuticals, either as a crude powder or capsules blended with other herbal products. Herein, a multiplexed metabolomics approach based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME–GC–MS) was applied for authentic tongkat ali extract vs some commercial products quality control analysis. NMR metabolite fingerprinting identified 15 major metabolites mostly ascribed to sugars, organic and fatty acids in addition to quassinoids and cinnamates. Following that, multivariate analysis as the non-supervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied revealing that differences were related to fatty acids and 13,21-dihydroeurycomanone being more enriched in authentic root. SPME–GC–MS aroma profiling led to the identification of 59 volatiles belonging mainly to alcohols, aldehydes/furans and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Results revealed that aroma of commercial products showed relatively different profiles being rich in vanillin, maltol, and methyl octanoate. Whereas E-cinnamaldehyde, endo-borneol, terpinen-4-ol, and benzaldehyde were more associated to the authentic product. The present study shed the light for the potential of metabolomics in authentication and standardization of tongkat ali and identification of its true flavor composition.

Assessment of metabolome diversity in black and white pepper in response to autoclaving using MS- and NMR-based metabolomics and in relation to its remote and direct antimicrobial effects against food-borne pathogens

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“…The equation applied for the calculations was described in ref. 24. The following equation was applied for the calculations:…”

Aroma-based discrimination of Egyptian versus Indian guava fruits and in response to probiotics as analyzed via SPME/GC–MS and chemometric tools

“…The various dataset was statistically analyzed by PCA, HCA, and OPLS-DA using SIMCA-P version 14.1 software package (Umetrics, Umea Sweden). All variables were mean centered, and Pareto scaled 31 . Due to the limited number of samples, the whole dataset was used as a training set.…”

Decoding Metabolic Reprogramming in Plants under Pathogen Attacks, a Comprehensive Review of Emerging Metabolomics Technologies to Maximize Their Applications

“…Afterwards, the fiber and its coat is pulled into a protecting needle, and to expose it inside the heated injection port of GC instruments for analytes desorption. Nevertheless, SPME stationary phase type can affect volatiles type adsorption affecting detected volatiles later on using GCMS warranting for the use of more than one coating to ensure comprehensive coverage of the aroma of the targeted plant [ 125 ]. Additionally, HS-SPME might now allow for the in situ real time monitoring of VOCs release with biotic interactions as the plant part is typically cut and placed inside the vial for VOCs collection.…”