Intake of Micronutrient-Rich Foods in Rural Indian Mothers Is Associated with the Size of Their Babies at Birth: Pune Maternal Nutrition Study

Rao, Shobha; Yajnik, Chittaranjan S.; Kanade, Asawari; Fall, Caroline; Margetts, Barrie; Jackson, Alan A.; Shier, Rosaleen; Joshi, Sadhana; Rege, Sonali; Lubree, Himangi; Desai, B R

doi:10.1093/jn/131.4.1217

Cited by 443 publications

(404 citation statements)

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“…Increased milk consumption during pregnancy may be overemphasized in recommendations for pregnant women. Some studies have shown a relationship between birth size and maternal intake of dairy protein 41,47 or milk consumption, 12 which we did not find in the present study. We also investigated if dairy protein or dairy fat influenced maternal weight gain, but milk as whole was a stronger predictor.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Women gaining excessive weight were observed to significantly increase their total EI and amount of macronutrients in late as opposed to beginning of pregnancy. There have been many reports indicating that reduction in maternal EI is associated with reduced pregnancy weight gain and birth weight, 10,12,16 but to our knowledge no studies have looked into the changes in dietary habits during pregnancy that may lead to a gestational weight gain above recommended levels. Within the group of overweight women, the E% from macronutrients changed significantly from early to late pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5][6][7][8][9] Few studies have investigated nutritional factors related to weight gain during pregnancy as well as the consequent birth size parameters, 10,11 and some have focused on dietary factors related to birth outcome only. [12][13][14][15] Total energy intake (EI) has been related to maternal weight gain, but with regard to the association of the macronutrients with maternal weight gain and birth outcome, data are inconclusive or scarce. 11,[16][17][18] Adequate weight gain is important for optimal perinatal outcome, but high weight gain in pregnancy has been related to gestational complications (i.e., hypertension, diabetes and pre-eclampsia), complications in delivery 1,4,[19][20][21] and macrosomia 22 and low weight gain to retarded fetal growth and preterm birth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal diet in early and late pregnancy in relation to weight gain

et al. 2005

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Objective: To identify dietary factors related to the risk of gaining weight outside recommendations for pregnancy weight gain and birth outcome. Design: An observational study with free-living conditions. Subjects: Four hundred and ninety five healthy pregnant Icelandic women. Methods: The dietary intake of the women was estimated with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire covering food intake together with lifestyle factors for the previous 3 months. Questionnaires were filled out at between 11 and 15 weeks and between 34 and 37 weeks gestation. Comparison of birth outcome between the three weight gain groups was made with ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Dietary factors related to at least optimal and excessive weight gain during pregnancy were represented with logistic regression controlling for potential confounding. Results: Of the women, 26% gained suboptimal and 34% excessive weight during pregnancy. Women in late pregnancy with at least optimal, compared with women with suboptimal, weight gain were eating more (OR ¼ 3.32, confidence interval (CI) ¼ 1.81-6.09, Po0.001) and drinking more milk (OR ¼ 3.10, CI ¼ 1.57-6.13, P ¼ 0.001). The same dietary factors were related to excessive, compared with optimal, weight gain. Furthermore, eating more sweets early in pregnancy increased the risk of gaining excessive weight (OR ¼ 2.52, CI ¼ 1.10-5.77, P ¼ 0.029). Women with a body mass index of 25.0-29.9 kg/m 2 before pregnancy were most likely to gain excessive weight (OR ¼ 7.37, CI 4.13-13.14, Po0.001). Women gaining suboptimal weight gave birth to lighter children (Po0.001) and had shorter gestation (P ¼ 0.008) than women gaining optimal or excessive weight. Conclusion: Women who are overweight before pregnancy should get special attention regarding lifestyle modifications affecting consequent weight gain during pregnancy. They are most likely to gain excessive weight and therefore most likely to suffer pregnancy and delivery complications and struggle with increasing overweight and obesity after giving birth.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal diet in early and late pregnancy in relation to weight gain

et al. 2005

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“…In a cohort study, vitamin C intake in early pregnancy was associated with birth weight and the changes between the lowest and highest thirds of intake led to a 100 g difference of birth weight (Mathews et al, 1999). Rao et al (2001) demonstrated that the concentration of serum vitamin C at 28-week gestation was related with birth length but not with birth weight. For vitamin E, we found that maternal serum levels at 25-28 week of gestation were not related with birth weight or length.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Influence of maternal serum levels of vitamins C and E during the second trimester on birth weight and length

et al. 2004

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Objective: It has been known that maternal oxidative stress during pregnancy plays an important role in fetal growth. However, the association between antioxidant vitamin levels and birth outcomes is not conclusive. We investigated the relationship between maternal serum levels of vitamins C and E during the second trimester and birth weight and length. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Outpatient-clinic of obstetrics, Ewha Womans University Hospital, South Korea. Subjects and methods: The study subjects were 239 healthy, pregnant women who visited an obstetric clinic for antenatal care, and their singleton live births, in Seoul, Korea, between August 2001 and March 2003. We measured the levels of vitamins C and E in maternal serum during the period 24-28 gestational weeks. Each woman was interviewed for dietary intake by trained interviewers during the second trimester. Results: The serum concentration of maternal vitamin C during the second trimester was significantly associated with birth weight and length in the group of full-term deliveries. An increase of 1 mg/ml in the serum vitamin C level increased the birth weight by 27.2 g and the birth length by 0.17 cm. When we considered the levels of vitamins C and E together in the relationship with birth weight and length, we found that the heaviest birth weight and the longest birth length belonged to the group of upper vitamin C/ upper vitamin E. However, dietary intake estimated by 24-h recall method was not a predictor of the levels of serum vitamins C and E. Conclusion: We found that maternal serum vitamin C levels during the second trimester were positively correlated with birth weight and length in full-term babies. We also found that birth weight and length were highest when the levels of both vitamins C and E were high. Our results indicate the importance of antioxidant nutrient balance for pregnant women who are exposed to various oxidants through food, drinking water, or inhaled air.

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“…In addition, in developed countries there is weak and inconsistent evidence linking macronutrient intake with infant size, 73,75 some evidence exists in developing countries that micronutrient intake may influence maternal plasma volume and infant birth weight. 76,77 Women with eating disorders in developed countries pose a unique challenge. Although they live in a world where micronutrient availability is not compromised, self-imposed restrictive diets in women with AN lead to deficiencies in a range of micronutrients including Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and folate (Gendall, Joyce, Carter, & Bulik, in preparation).…”

Section: Maternal Bmi and Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%