Influence of maternal serum levels of vitamins C and E during the second trimester on birth weight and length

Abstract

Objective: It has been known that maternal oxidative stress during pregnancy plays an important role in fetal growth. However, the association between antioxidant vitamin levels and birth outcomes is not conclusive. We investigated the relationship between maternal serum levels of vitamins C and E during the second trimester and birth weight and length. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Outpatient-clinic of obstetrics, Ewha Womans University Hospital, South Korea. Subjects and methods: The study subjects were 239 healthy, pregnant women who visited an obstetric clinic for antenatal care, and their singleton live births, in Seoul, Korea, between August 2001 and March 2003. We measured the levels of vitamins C and E in maternal serum during the period 24-28 gestational weeks. Each woman was interviewed for dietary intake by trained interviewers during the second trimester. Results: The serum concentration of maternal vitamin C during the second trimester was significantly associated with birth weight and length in the group of full-term deliveries. An increase of 1 mg/ml in the serum vitamin C level increased the birth weight by 27.2 g and the birth length by 0.17 cm. When we considered the levels of vitamins C and E together in the relationship with birth weight and length, we found that the heaviest birth weight and the longest birth length belonged to the group of upper vitamin C/ upper vitamin E. However, dietary intake estimated by 24-h recall method was not a predictor of the levels of serum vitamins C and E. Conclusion: We found that maternal serum vitamin C levels during the second trimester were positively correlated with birth weight and length in full-term babies. We also found that birth weight and length were highest when the levels of both vitamins C and E were high. Our results indicate the importance of antioxidant nutrient balance for pregnant women who are exposed to various oxidants through food, drinking water, or inhaled air.

The Paraoxonase 1 Arylesterase Activity, Total Oxidative Stress, Nitric Oxide and Vitamin C Levels in Maternal Serum, and Their Relation to Birth Weight of Newborn

“…Our findings are in concordance with Lee et al who demonstrated that pregnant women utilize a defence mechanism, which is composed of antioxidant-enzymes and nutrients including vitamins C and E, against oxidative stress and free radical damage and imbalance between increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defences impairs fetal growth [37].…”

The role of maternal gut hormones in normal pregnancy: fasting plasma active glucagon-like peptide 1 level is a negative predictor of fetal abdomen circumference and maternal weight change

“…), vitamin (i.e. vitamins A, C, and E), and folate deficiencies are known to contribute to abnormal prenatal development (36)(37)(38)(39). Furthermore, in this paper, maternal fasting plasma active GLP1 levels correlated positively and negatively with HDL-C during the first trimester of pregnancy and with triglycerides during the second trimester of pregnancy respectively.…”

Moderate Ascorbate Deficiency Increases Myogenic Tone of Arteries From Pregnant but Not Virgin Ascorbate–Dependent Rats

“…36 Interestingly, several human studies have found a positive correlation between maternal plasma vitamin C concentrations and baby birth weight. 37 Intrauterine growth restriction accompanies Ϸ30% to 40% of cases of preeclampsia. Maternal concentrations of plasma ascorbate are low at 20 weeks of gestation and throughout the remainder of pregnancy, not only in women who develop preeclampsia during the third trimester but also in women who remain normotensive but deliver small-for-gestational-age neonates.…”