Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K₁) in 4-year-old British children: comparison between 1950 and the 1990s

Abstract

Objectives: To compare dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K 1 ) in 4-year-old British children between 1950 and the 1990s, and report their variation by sociodemographic factors.

Identifying dietary differences between Scotland and England: a rapid review of the literature

“…Energy intakes were lower in children living in Scotland in 1950, which perhaps explains why macro-and micronutrient intakes were also lower (57,58) . Lower micronutrient intake was identified in Scotland for a number of vitamins and minerals in three additional studies (30,59,60) .…”

“…The main limitations of the studies were that sample sizes were often small in Scotland (11,21,(45)(46)(47)52,53,67,68) , limiting the ability to find statistically significant differences, and results often did not adjust for confounders (21)(22)(23)(24)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)36,37,55,(61)(62)(63)(64)(65)(66) or descriptive results were presented only (21)(22)(23)(24)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)36,37,58,(60)(61)(62)(63) . The validity of dietary measures was less problematic.…”

“…Only two surveys (with results reported across six reports) (61)(62)(63)(64)(65)(66) used a food frequency measure with no information on whether these measures had been validated. The remaining studies used either weighed 4 d or 7 d diaries (30,36,37,(58)(59)(60) or interviewer-assisted 24 h recalls (21)(22)(23)(24)(26)(27)(28)(29)55,57,58) .…”

Role of vitamin K in the regulation of calcification

“…Recent surveys in North America, Europe and Asia indicate that wide ranges in dietary intakes of phylloquinone exist across different geographic regions and among different ages [1,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The type of dietary assessment used and the source of food composition data may all result in measurement errors that contribute to the wide reported ranges of phylloquinone intakes within and between subgroups [17].…”

Musculoskeletal phenotype through the life course: the role of nutrition

“…Birth cohorts provide prospective data through the lifecourse: the National Survey for Health and Development has collected growth, nutrition and physical capability data through the life course, providing the opportunity for the study of the relationship between bone and dietary patterns through adulthood (105)(106)(107)(108) , the Hertfordshire Cohort provides information on early life (pre-and post-natal) determinants of osteoporosis (109)(110)(111)(112) ; ongoing longitudinal studies of bone development in children and young adults in The Gambia to study the impact of poor growth, delayed puberty and nutrition on peak bone strength (21,57) . Nutrition and musculoskeletal healthBy taking an approach to study the interaction between muscle, bone and nutrition at defined time points and throughout the life course a better understanding of the definition of a healthy bone phenotype should lead to effective strategies for prevention of bone disease during childhood and aging.…”