Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and glucosuria in intensively milk-fed calves

Hostettler-Allen, Robyn Leigh; Tappy, Luc; Blum, Jürg W.

doi:10.2527/1994.721160x

Cited by 91 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Ruminants are characterized by higher plasma concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ketone bodies and by lower plasma concentrations of long-chain fatty acids than monogastrics due to the characteristic features of digestion in ruminants, but glucose arterial concentration remains high (3 to 7 mM) whatever the mammalian species ( [54] and for review, see [14,73,75]). Birds, however, have a very high glycemia and lactatemia [87].…”

Section: Fate Of Glucosementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Calves for veal production intensively fed with milk replacers develop insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and glycosuria [54]. These metabolic abnormalities are associated with inefficient glucose use as energy source, and low feed conversion and growth parameters (for review, see [14]).…”

Section: Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These metabolic abnormalities are associated with inefficient glucose use as energy source, and low feed conversion and growth parameters (for review, see [14]). The insulin resistance of calves is exaggerated after milk consumption providing evidence for the involvement of nutritional factors [54]. Recent data suggest that lactose content in milk might be responsible for the development of the low insulin responsiveness [56].…”

Section: Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facilitative glucose transporters in livestock species

Hocquette

Abé

2000

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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-The study of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT) requires carefully done immunological experiments and sensitive molecular biology approaches to identify the various mechanisms which control GLUT expression at the RNA and protein levels. The cloning of species-specific GLUT cDNAs showed that GLUT4 and GLUT1 diverge less among species than other GLUT isoforms. The key role of GLUT in glucose homeostasis has been demonstrated in livestock species. In vitro studies have suggested specific roles of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in avian cells. In vivo studies have demonstrated a regulation of GLUTs (especially of GLUT4) by nutritional and hormonal factors in pigs and cattle, in lactating cows and goats and throughout the foetal life in the placenta and tissues of lambs and calves. All these results suggest that any changes in GLUT expression and activity (such as GLUT4 in muscles) could modify nutrient partitioning and tissue metabolism, and hence, the qualities of animal products (milk, meat).glucose transporter / pig / ruminant / poultry Résumé -Les transporteurs du glucose à diffusion facilitée chez les animaux de ferme. L'étude des transporteurs du glucose à diffusion facilitée (GLUT) nécessite des techniques en immunologie ou en biologie moléculaire précises et sensibles pour étudier la régulation de leur expression au niveau ARNm ou protéique. Le clonage d'ADNc des différents GLUT a montré que GLUT4 et GLUT1 divergent moins entre espèces que les autres isoformes de GLUT. Le rôle important des GLUT dans le contrôle de l'homéostasie du glucose a été démontré chez les animaux de ferme. Des études in vitro ont suggéré un rôle spécifique de GLUT1 et de GLUT3 dans les cellules aviaires. Des études in vivo ont mis en évidence une régulation des GLUT (notamment GLUT4) par des facteurs nutritionnels ou hormonaux chez le porc et le bovin, chez la vache ou la chèvre en lactation, et tout au long de la vie foetale dans le placenta et les tissus de l'agneau ou du veau. L'ensemble de ces résultats suggère que tout changement dans l'expression et l'activité des GLUT (tel que de GLUT4 dans les muscles) peut modifier la répartition des nutriments et le métabolisme tissulaire, et affecter ainsi la qualité des produits animaux (lait, viande).transporteur du glucose / porc / ruminant / volaille Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 40 (2000) 517-533 517

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Section: Fate Of Glucosementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facilitative glucose transporters in livestock species

Hocquette

Abé

2000

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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“…Heavy preruminant calves often develop a certain level of insulin resistance, indicated by postprandial hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucosuria [91,92]. The etiology of insulin resistance in preruminant calves is likely to be multi-factorial, as reviewed by Blum and Hammon [93].…”

Section: Decreased Insulin Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A high level of circulating insulin down-regulates its own receptors, which may result in altered cellular glucose and amino acid transport and compromised protein synthesis. Feeding large amounts of milk (especially lactose) to ontogenically ruminant animals, may contribute to the development of insulin resistance [93,92]. In addition, increasing protein intake decreased insulin resistance, as indicated by glucosuria and high plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin, in preruminant calves [94].…”

Section: Decreased Insulin Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the low efficiency of protein utilization in heavy preruminant calves – a reductionist approach

Borne

Verdonk²,

Schrama

et al. 2006

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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-The efficiency of protein utilization for growth in preruminant calves is decreasing with increasing body weight. In contrast to calves weighing less than 100 kg of body weight, heavy preruminant calves do not respond in protein retention to an increased intake of indispensable amino acids in dose-response studies. The marginal efficiency of protein utilization is low compared with pigs and milk-fed lambs at a similar stage of maturity. A reductionist approach was taken to perceive the potential mechanisms for the low protein utilization in preruminant calves. Neither an imbalance in the dietary protein to energy ratio nor a single limiting indispensable amino acid was responsible for the low efficiency. Also, amino acids were not specifically used to detoxify ammonia. Alternative hypotheses to explain the low efficiency are discussed and result in (i) a reduced post-absorptive supply of amino acids: e.g. by fermentation of milk in the (premature) rumen or preferential amino acid utilization by specific tissues; or (ii) a reduced post-absorptive amino acid utilization: e.g. by decreased insulin sensitivity, utilization of amino acids for gluconeogenesis or an asynchronous nutrient supply. In conclusion, several mechanisms for the low efficiency of protein utilization in heavy preruminant calves were excluded. Other physiological processes which are potentially involved remain to be studied, because the large potential for improving protein utilization in heavy preruminant calves asks for further exploration of their amino acid metabolism.calf / veal / protein metabolism / efficiency / amino acids / preruminant

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Gluconeogenesis in dairy cows: The secret of making sweet milk from sour dough

et al. 2010

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SummaryGluconeogenesis is a crucial process to support glucose homeostasis when nutritional supply with glucose is insufficient. Because ingested carbohydrates are efficiently fermented to short-chain fatty acids in the rumen, ruminants are required to meet the largest part of their glucose demand by de novo genesis after weaning. The qualitative difference to nonruminant species is that propionate originating from ruminal metabolism is the major substrate for gluconeogenesis. Disposal of propionate into gluconeogenesis via propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) has a high metabolic priority and continues even if glucose is exogenously supplied. Gluconeogenesis is regulated at the transcriptional and several posttranscriptional levels and is under hormonal control (primarily insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone). Transcriptional regulation is relevant for regulating precursor entry into gluconeogenesis (propionate, alanine and other amino acids, lactate, and glycerol). Promoters of the bovine pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and PEPCK genes are directly controlled by metabolic products. The final steps decisive for glucose release (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphatase) appear to be highly dependent on posttranscriptional regulation according to actual glucose status. Glucogenic precursor entry, together with hepatic glycogen dynamics, is mostly sufficient to meet the needs for hepatic glucose output except in high-producing dairy cows during the transition from the dry period to peak lactation. Lactating cows adapt to the increased glucose requirement for lactose production by mobilization of endogenous glucogenic substrates and increased hepatic PC expression. If these adaptations fail, lipid metabolism may be altered leading to fatty liver and ketosis. Increasing feed intake and provision of glucogenic precursors from the diet are important to ameliorate these disturbances. An improved understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying gluconeogenesis may further improve our options to enhance the postpartum health status of dairy cows.

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Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and glucosuria in intensively milk-fed calves

Cited by 91 publications

References 35 publications

Facilitative glucose transporters in livestock species

Facilitative glucose transporters in livestock species

Reviewing the low efficiency of protein utilization in heavy preruminant calves – a reductionist approach

Gluconeogenesis in dairy cows: The secret of making sweet milk from sour dough

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