Reviewing the low efficiency of protein utilization in heavy preruminant calves – a reductionist approach

Borne, J.J.G.C. van den; Verdonk, J.M.A.J.; Schrama, J.W.; Gerrits, W.J.J.

doi:10.1051/rnd:2006011

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…In addition, the digestibility of CP is an apparent value, and values are logically lower for the low-CP diets during stage 1 due to a greater proportion of endogenous secretions in excreted N. The daily amount of fecal N at each stage remained constant for all diets, which means that the true fecal digestibility of dietary CP was 100% as also estimated in Table 9 (Tolman and Beelen, 1995). Therefore, the N recovered in feces was only of endogenous origin; the 2.5 g of endogenous N/kg of DMI (Table 9) is slightly greater than values reported before for veal calves (2.2 g/kg of DMI; Davis and Drackley, 1998; 1.9 g/kg of DMI; NRC, 2001; 2.0 g/kg of DMI ;van den Borne et al, 2006b).…”

Section: Digestive Utilization Of Dietsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Energy retention was calculated as the difference between daily ME intake and average HP. Assuming an energy content of the protein gain of 23.6 kJ/g (van den Borne et al, 2006b), energy retained as protein was calculated from the N balance (energy retained as protein = RN × 6.25 × 23.6), and energy retained as fat was calculated as the difference between total energy retained and energy retained as protein.…”

Section: Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Dietary Crude Protein on Protein and Fat Deposition in Milk-Fed Veal Calves

Labussière

Dubois

Milgen

et al. 2008

Journal of Dairy Science

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Research on veal calf production has focused on maximizing lean tissue growth. Nevertheless, limited attention has been paid to the evolution of digestive and metabolic utilization of N and energy as calves get older, whereas age at slaughter increases. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 4 concentrations of dietary crude protein (CP) content on protein and fat deposition and energy utilization in milk-fed calves at 3 stages of fattening using the balance technique combined with heat production measurements in a respiration chamber. At each stage, 16 Prim'Holstein male calves (mean body weight at each stage: 72, 136, and 212 kg) received 4 isocaloric diets with CP contents of 76, 88, 100, and 112% of a reference CP content fixed at 20% during the first stage and 19% during the 2 later stages. After 2 wk of adaptation to their respective diets and housing conditions, the calves were placed for 1 wk in an open-circuit respiration chamber for N and energy balance measurements (first 6 d) and measurement of the fasting heat production (last day). Measurements for a stage were performed over 2 periods of 4 successive weeks. There was no effect of dietary CP on digestibility during the 2 later stages, but the low-protein diet resulted in lower digestibility coefficients for dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, CP, and crude fat during the first stage. Endogenous fecal N was estimated as 2.5 g/kg of dry matter intake irrespective of stage, and metabolic urinary N was estimated at 0.07 g/kg of body weight(0.85) per day. Maximum N retention was 32.8, 40.5, and 44.0 g/d at stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The effect of protein intake on protein deposition was dependent on age of the calves, because the marginal efficiency of digestible protein utilization decreased from 64 to 18% as animals got older. Fat deposition decreased with increasing dietary CP content irrespective of stage. Total energy retention was not modified by dietary CP content. The composition of body weight gain was affected differently for each stage, because the protein content of body weight gain increased with increasing dietary CP content during the first stage, whereas it remained constant during the other 2 stages. Fat and energy content in body weight gain decreased with increasing dietary CP irrespective of stage. These results provide a basis for estimating protein requirement of veal calves according to a factorial approach.

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Section: Digestive Utilization Of Dietsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Dietary Crude Protein on Protein and Fat Deposition in Milk-Fed Veal Calves

Labussière

Dubois

Milgen

et al. 2008

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Limited consumption of solid feed is an obstacle to meet the nutrient requirements for growth and for rumen development in young dairy calves (Van Amburgh & Drackley, ). In addition, their efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilization decreases as they grow (Van den Borne, Verdonk, Schrama, & Gerrits, ). Optimal protein content of starter diet in dairy calves remains controversial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential oils improved weight gain, growth and feed efficiency of young dairy calves fed 18 or 20% crude protein starter diets

Kazemi-Bonchenari

Falahati

Poorhamdollah

et al. 2018

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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The objective was to evaluate interactions between starter protein (180 vs. 200 g/kg, DM basis) and a mixture of essential oils (EOs; containing thymol, eugenol, vanillin, limonene and guaiacol) on growth, metabolic and ruminal functions of Holstein dairy calves. In a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design, 48 calves, 3 days old (averaging BW 42.7 ± 1.9 kg), were allocated into groups fed the following diets: (i) 180 g/kg CP with no EO (180P-NEO); (ii) 180 g/kg CP with EO (180P-EO); (iii) 200 g/kg CP with no EO (200P-NEO); and (iv) 200 g/kg CP with EO (200P-EO). The EO was supplemented as 1 g/kg of starter DM. Calves were fed ad libitum starter diet and were weaned at day 59 of age, but diets continued until day 80. There were no interactive effects of CP and EO on intake and growth. Pre-weaning feed efficiency tended to be increased for 200P-EO (p = .09). Average daily gain and feed efficiency during pre-weaning period as well as weaning weight were increased (p < .05) by EO, whereas wither height was increased by EO (p = .03) and tended to be increased for 200P vs. 180P (p = .06). Post-weaning blood urea nitrogen concentration tended to be lower in 180P vs. 200P (p = .08). Ruminal short-chain fatty acids concentration was greatest in 200P-EO. The EO increased both butyrate (p = .02) and propionate proportions (p = .01) and reduced acetate proportional ratio (p < .01). Ruminal ammonia-N was tended to be lower in calves-fed EO (p = .05) and was lower in those fed 180P vs. 200P (p < .01). In conclusion, supplementation of the starter diet with essential oil improved weight gain, growth and feed efficiency of dairy calves, irrespective of dietary protein content.

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“…The incremental efficiency for using nitrogen for deposition is much lower than for that of other growing farm-animal species. The reasons for the apparent low priority of calves to deposit AA that are absorbed from the intestinal tract can be manifold, and some have been extensively discussed by van den Borne et al (2006a).…”

Section: Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium review: Macronutrient metabolism in the growing calf

Gerrits

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Recent interest in increasing rates of body weight gain in heifer calves before weaning is based on the promise of an increase in milk production during first lactation. This increase is usually realized by increasing milk or milk replacer intake, delaying the onset of rumen development. Simultaneously feeding liquids and solid feeds brings about new challenges. Macronutrient metabolism in growing calves is reviewed, combining literature from heifer and veal calves with the objective to provide insights useful for developing novel feeding strategies. Growing calves are not efficiently retaining digested N when compared with other growing species. Energy and protein appear to be simultaneously limiting growth. With the possible exception of very young calves, low responses to incremental intakes of AA indicate that the limiting AA rarely explains the low efficiency of N utilization. Nonetheless, there are indications that disproportionate oxidation of AA as a result of AA imbalance may occur, notably in splanchnic tissues. Long-chain fatty acids, absorbed from the milk or calf milk replacer (CMR) are preferentially deposited as body fat, but this strongly depends on the need for ATP, fueled by the oxidation of carbohydrates. Hence, fatty acid oxidation typically decreases with an increased feeding level. Insulin sensitivity in calves is quite high at birth, but decreases independent of feeding strategy in early age to very low levels when compared with other species. Even though changes in insulin sensitivity may be provoked by early life nutrition, these effects are small and rather transient. In heavy calves, insulin sensitivity is invariably low. Large effects of dietary treatments on postprandial glucose and insulin responses, as often observed, are unlikely to be caused by differences in insulin sensitivity. Unlike in pigs, de novo fatty acid synthesis is not a significant route of disposal of glucose absorbed from the intestinal tract. Instead, high lactate fluxes in milk-fed calves suggest this may be an important route of disposal. When combining the feeding of milk or CMR with solid feeds, estimation of the contribution of the individual ration components is difficult, and interactions inside the gastrointestinal tract complicate the estimation of their feeding value. There are indications in veal calves that use of nutrients absorbed from a CMR is not dependent on the level of intake of solid feeds.

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Reviewing the low efficiency of protein utilization in heavy preruminant calves – a reductionist approach

Cited by 16 publications

References 88 publications

Effects of Dietary Crude Protein on Protein and Fat Deposition in Milk-Fed Veal Calves

Effects of Dietary Crude Protein on Protein and Fat Deposition in Milk-Fed Veal Calves

Essential oils improved weight gain, growth and feed efficiency of young dairy calves fed 18 or 20% crude protein starter diets

Symposium review: Macronutrient metabolism in the growing calf

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