Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (Igf-1) Antler-Stimulating Hormone?

Suttie, J. M.; Gluckman, Peter D.; Butler, John H.; Fennessy, P. F.; Corson, I. D.; Laas, F. J.

doi:10.1210/endo-116-2-846

Cited by 64 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The increase in IGF-1 concentration during antler growth observed in the fallow deer matches findings in red deer (Suttie et al 1985(Suttie et al , 1988, roe deer (Schams et al 1992), and pudu (Reyes et al 1997), but not in male and female reindeer (Bubenik et al 1998). The sudden increase in IGF-1 levels and, in consequence, antler growth rate upon release of the experimental animals into the outdoor paddock most probably reflect changes either in energy supply (Thissen et al 1994) or in the light regime.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Cyproterone acetate reduced antler growth in surgically castrated fallow deer

Bartoš

Schams²,

Kierdorf³

et al. 2000

Journal of Endocrinology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We studied the role of androgens in antler growth. In particular, we investigated whether the onset of antler regrowth is triggered by a short-term pulse of testosterone and if low levels of androgens are required for antler growth. The study was conducted on 12 surgically castrated fallow deer bucks (Dama dama) aged approximately 27 months. Six animals (CA group) were given the antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate (CA, 1000 mg/ treatment); the others were given vehicle solution only (control). Before each CA treatment, blood was sampled and analysed for testosterone, androstenedione, IGF-1, cortisol, FSH, and LH. CA treatment and blood sampling were performed 2 days before castration, on the day of castration and afterwards at 2-day intervals until day 22. Subsequently, CA treatment and blood sampling continued at weekly intervals until day 270. All animals cast their antlers, followed by antler regrowth in all control bucks, but in only four of the six CA-treated castrates. Plasma testosterone concentrations were low in all animals (between 0·01 and 0·20 ng/ml), but were significantly (P<0001) greater in the controls. In both groups, a temporary increase in testosterone values was recorded around the time of antler regrowth, the peak being significantly (P<0·01) higher in the controls. Androstenedione showed a similar pattern as testosterone. Plasma IGF-1 concentrations increased sharply during the antler growth spurt and did not differ significantly between the two groups throughout the study period. Cortisol concentrations were greater in controls than in the CA group. However, no link with the antler cycle was apparent. FSH and LH concentrations were higher in the controls for most of the study. Antlers produced by the control bucks were significantly larger than those in the CA group (P<0·03). For antler length, testosterone, androstenedione and IGF-1, areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated over the period of antler growth. For the pooled deer (n=12) significant correlations existed between AUCs of antler length and testosterone, but not for antler length and IGF-1. Also, a trend for a positive correlation between AUCs of antler length and androstenedione was noted. It is concluded that a plasma androgen concentration at least above a minimal threshold level is a necessary prerequisite for normal antler regrowth in fallow deer, and that this androgen effect is not mediated via circulating IGF-1. The biological role of low levels of androgens may be to sensitize antler cells to the stimulating effect of IGF.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Cyproterone acetate reduced antler growth in surgically castrated fallow deer

Bartoš

Schams²,

Kierdorf³

et al. 2000

Journal of Endocrinology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Antlers are arguably the fastest growing mammalian organs and, therefore, nutrition (Ullrey, 1982) and growth factors (Suttie et al, 1985b) would inevitably play an indispensable role in the process. Based on his observations that antlers could continue to grow after castration, and antler generation and annual renewal take place when deer testes and seminal vesicles were the least active, Wislocki (1943) advanced the hypothesis that there must be a non-gonadal origin "antler growth stimulus (AGS)" for seasonal antler growth.…”

Section: The Missing Linkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deer antler – A novel model for studying organ regeneration in mammals

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2014

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…AGS is the non-gonadal trophic factor whose existence was first suggested 60 years ago (Wislocki 1943). The rationale for concluding that IGF-I could be AGS comes from the observation that seasonal peaks in circulating IGF-I coincide with the period of rapid antler growth (Suttie et al 1985), the presence of IGF receptors in the antler tip (Elliott et al 1992) and the fact that IGFs increase the proliferation of cells from perichondrium, mesenchyme and cartilage (Price et al 1994;Sadighi et al 1994). There is evidence for an association between IGF-I concentrations and serum testosterone (Ditchkoff et al 2001;Li et al 2003), although whether previously elevated plasma testosterone levels are directly responsible for the subsequent IGF-I peak remains unclear.…”

Section: The Control Of Antler Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Price

Allen

2004

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Deer antlers are the only mammalian appendages capable of repeated rounds of regeneration; every year they are shed and regrow from a blastema into large branched structures of cartilage and bone that are used for fighting and display. Longitudinal growth is by a process of modified endochondral ossification and in some species this can exceed 2 cm per day, representing the fastest rate of organ growth in the animal kingdom. However, despite their value as a unique model of mammalian regeneration the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We review what is currently known about the local and systemic regulation of antler regeneration and some of the many unsolved questions of antler physiology are discussed. Molecules that we have identified as having potentially important local roles in antlers include parathyroid hormone-related peptide and retinoic acid (RA). Both are present in the blastema and in the rapidly growing antler where they regulate the differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro. Recent studies have shown that blockade of RA signalling can alter cellular differentiation in the blastema in vivo. The trigger that regulates the expression of these local signals is likely to be changing levels of sex steroids because the process of antler regeneration is linked to the reproductive cycle. The natural assumption has been that the most important hormone is testosterone, however, at a cellular level oestrogen may be a more significant regulator. Our data suggest that exogenous oestrogen acts as a 'brake', inhibiting the proliferation of progenitor cells in the antler tip while stimulating their differentiation, thus inhibiting continued growth. Deciphering the mechanism(s) by which sex steroids regulate cell-cycle progression and cellular differentiation in antlers may help to address why regeneration is limited in other mammalian tissues.

show abstract

Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (Igf-1) Antler-Stimulating Hormone?

Cited by 64 publications

References 4 publications

Cyproterone acetate reduced antler growth in surgically castrated fallow deer

Cyproterone acetate reduced antler growth in surgically castrated fallow deer

Deer antler – A novel model for studying organ regeneration in mammals

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About