Instruments, Measurement Principles and Communication Technologies for Downhole Drilling Environments

Abstract

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Subsurface Science and Search for Life in Ocean Worlds

“…Sidewall ice density can be mapped with active gamma-ray sources such as the hostile environment lithodensity sonde instrument, which determines bulk density from the energy of backscattered rays (Major et al 1998;Gooneratne et al 2019). Neutron scattering was first translated from geology to glaciology in the early 1950s (Leighty 1965), and advances in recent years permit continuous sidewall density logging at centimeter-scale vertical resolutions (Morris & Cooper 2003).…”

“…Neutron scattering was first translated from geology to glaciology in the early 1950s (Leighty 1965), and advances in recent years permit continuous sidewall density logging at centimeter-scale vertical resolutions (Morris & Cooper 2003). Active EM propagation instruments can profile dielectric properties in an adjacent formation (Gooneratne et al 2019), potentially enabling far-field observations in an ice borehole beyond the thermally modified sidewall surface. Active acoustic techniques map geologic formation structure and elastic properties (Gooneratne et al 2019), and seismic investigations in ice have been used in combination with ice density profiles to determine elastic ice properties and crystal orientation since the early 1960s (Thiel & Ostenso 1961).…”

“…Active EM propagation instruments can profile dielectric properties in an adjacent formation (Gooneratne et al 2019), potentially enabling far-field observations in an ice borehole beyond the thermally modified sidewall surface. Active acoustic techniques map geologic formation structure and elastic properties (Gooneratne et al 2019), and seismic investigations in ice have been used in combination with ice density profiles to determine elastic ice properties and crystal orientation since the early 1960s (Thiel & Ostenso 1961). In situ seismic logging tools are also used for investigation of ice fabric (Gusmeroli et al 2012).…”

“…Downhole fluid analysis (DFA) packages for in situ sampling and flow-through chemical measurements are also employed in high-pressure petroleum exploration and production (Creek et al 2010). Similar to the integrated sensor suite proposed in SSSLOW, DFA enables real-time determination of a variety of fluid properties, including temperature, pressure, pH, gas concentrations, density, and fluorescence (Creek et al 2010;Fujisawa & Yamate 2013;Schlumberger In Situ Fluid Analyzer;Gooneratne et al 2019). Fluids can also be extracted from porous formations directly through the sidewall (e.g., Schlumberger's Saturn Radial Probe).…”

Well Control Space Out: A Deep-Learning Approach for the Optimization of Drilling Safety Operations

“…Drilling operations include a series of activities to ultimately break rock formations in order to deepen a wellbore. For this purpose, a drill bit and drillstring assembly are used to create a hole vertically or at an angle (directional drilling) targeting a hydrocarbon reservoir [46,47]. During drilling, a fluid, slurry, or mud (referred to as mud, hereafter) with different properties is circulated into the hole (through the drillstring) and back to the surface (through the annulus) for various functions, including the removal of the rock formation cuttings and for maintaining both downhole temperatures and rock formation pressures [48] (Fig.…”