Instructive cartilage regeneration modalities with advanced therapeutic implantations under abnormal conditions

Abstract

The development of interdisciplinary biomedical engineering brings significant breakthroughs to the field of cartilage regeneration. However, cartilage defects are considerably more complicated in clinical conditions, especially when injuries occur at specific sites ( e.g. , osteochondral tissue, growth plate, and weight-bearing area) or under inflammatory microenvironments ( e.g. , osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis). Therapeutic implantations, including advanced scaffolds, developed growth factors, and various cells alone or in combination currently used to treat cartilage lesions, address cartilage regeneration under abnormal conditions. This review summarizes the strategies for cartilage regeneration at particular sites and pathological microenvironment regulation and discusses the challenges and opportunities for clinical transformation.

Preparation and characterization of a novel drug-loaded Bi-layer scaffold for cartilage regeneration

“… 53 The radial zone of natural cartilage mainly played a role in mechanics, so the disappearance of this area leads to the collapse of newly formed cartilage tissue under the compression of external forces. 52,54,55 In this study, the structure of the fiber layer mimicked the bund radial zone of natural cartilage, which both changed the compressive modulus of the scaffold and has an impact on the growth trend of the cell. From the sight of TE, improving the mechanical properties of scaffolds was beneficial especially for their performance in vivo .…”

“…At present, clinical cartilage repair surgery often brought a problem that cartilage defect would form a collapse after surgery. 52 The main reason for this phenomenon was that the current clinical treatment methods lack guidance for the growth of chondrocytes, so the tissue structure after the repair of cartilage defects was similar to the superficial zone of natural cartilage. 53 The radial zone of natural cartilage mainly played a role in mechanics, so the disappearance of this area leads to the collapse of newly formed cartilage tissue under the compression of external forces.…”

Acellular cartilage matrix biomimetic scaffold with immediate enrichment of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells to repair articular cartilage defects

“…Heterogeneous and anisotropic articular cartilage is generally studied as a hierarchical structure of zones with unique composition and architecture. Articular cartilage consists of superficial, transitional, radial, and calcified cartilage zones [ 56 ]. The cellular phenotype and cartilage matrix distribution also changed in different layers.…”

Characteristic and Chondrogenic Differentiation Analysis of Hybrid Hydrogels Comprised of Hyaluronic Acid Methacryloyl (HAMA), Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA), and the Acrylate-Functionalized Nano-Silica Crosslinker

“…In addition, articular cartilage damage is a common cause of advanced osteoarthritis (OA), which shows severe pain, immobility, and dysfunction in the joint [ 1 , 3 ]. Current treatment to repair cartilage defects includes microfracture, autologous chondrocyte implantation, osteochondral autografts, and allograft-directed cartilage regeneration [ 4 ]. Moreover, the standard treatment strategies exhibit limitations and drawbacks, including fibrocartilage regeneration, donor site morbidity, inferior mechanical properties to hyaline articular cartilage, etc.…”

“…Moreover, the standard treatment strategies exhibit limitations and drawbacks, including fibrocartilage regeneration, donor site morbidity, inferior mechanical properties to hyaline articular cartilage, etc. Therefore, the regeneration of the cartilage defect is still challenging in today’s world [ 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”