Instructions and the orienting reflex in semantic conditioning of the galvanic skin response in an innocuous situation.

Pendery, Mary; Maltzman, Irving

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.106.2.120

Cited by 55 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The experiment was conducted in an experimental setting with a GSR recording arrangement that has previously been described (Pendery & Maltzman, 1977). Bipolar palmar GSRs were recorded using two 20-mm circular disk electrodes fitted in S-mm-deep plastic cups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conditioning in subjects uninformed of the CS-UCS contingency was also studied by Pendery and Maltzman (1977). Examination of GSR responsivity to critical and filler stimuli by individual subjects who discovered and subsequently verbalized the CS-UCS contingency suggested that "conditioning" in the individual subject is a problem-solving discovery process.…”

Section: Verbal Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although a GSR induced in such a manner is as- sumed to be the reflection of a relatively involuntary OR (Maltzman, 1977(Maltzman, , 1979, it is nevertheless related to subsequent differential semantic conditioning assumed to be the consequence of a voluntary OR induced by the discovered significance of the es (Pendery & Maltzman, 1977).…”

Section: Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that the GSR-CR on the first trial was not the consequence of uncertainty or fear of an unknown tone. An interpretation offered for these verbal conditioning results (Pendery & Maltzman, 1977) was that the GSR evoked upon the first presentation of the CS was a manifestation of a voluntary OR induced by the noteworthy, or significant, stimulus, significant because of the signal value imparted to it by the instructions. It was further suggested that since verbal conditioning can be produced with an innocuous VCS and therefore cannot be attributed to mediated anxiety, earlier experiments producing verbal conditioning (e.g., Cook & Harris, 1937;Dawson & Grings, 1968) using noxious VCSs were in all likelihood also the consequence of GSRs mediated by ORs rather than by anxiety.…”

Section: Verbal Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the appropriate background or standing conditions, three kinds of initial conditions may give rise to an orienting reflex (OR) as reflected in a measure such as the GSR: (1) external stimulus changes of various kinds (Sokolov, 1963) summaarized collectively as collative variables by Berlyne (1960), (2) the significance of stimuli, learned or unlearned (Bernstein, 1979;Maltzman, 1979;O'Gorman, 1979;Pendery & Maltzman, 1977;Razran, 1971;Sokolov, 1963), and (3) self-generated ORs as reflected in problem-solving activity (Maltzman, 1979;Maltzman & Mandell, 1968;Pendery & Maltzman, 1977). Different aspects of the present study are concerned with the second and third classes of OR determiners.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Verbal conditioning, task instructions, and inhibition of the GSR measure of the orienting reflex

1982

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Verbal Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Verbal Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Verbal conditioning, task instructions, and inhibition of the GSR measure of the orienting reflex

1982

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Safety signals and human anxiety: A fear‐potentiated startle study

Grillon

Falls

Ameli

et al. 1994

Anxiety

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The effect of a safety signal on the magnitude of anticipatory anxiety was investigated using the fear-potentiated startle reflex paradigm in humans. The amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex was measured during the anticipation of unpleasant electric shocks ("threat") and during "safe" conditions. Threat and safe conditions were signaled by three different colored lights. Two lights signaled safe conditions (safe 1, safe 2) and the other light signaled the threat condition (threat). In phase I, the lights alternated, each presentation consisting of one colored light. In phase II, the lights were presented alone or in the two combinations of safe 1 (or safe 2) + threat and safe 1 + safe 2. In both phases, the contingency between the lights and the shock was explained to the subjects. It was emphasized that no shock could be administered when the safe 1 and threat light were simultaneously presented in phase II. Subjects' belief and understanding of the instructions were verified. In Phase I, startle was increased in the threat-alone compared to the safe-alone condition, reflecting increased anticipatory anxiety in the threat-alone condition. In phase II, startle in the safe + threat condition was smaller than in the threat-alone condition, but was larger than in the safe + threat. These results were interpreted as suggesting that the threat signal was still able to elicit anticipatory anxiety despite the fact that it was no longer associated with a threat.

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Nonaware classical conditioning to pictorial facial stimuli in a between-groups paradigm

Saban

Hugdahl

1999

Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science

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The present experiment investigated the effects of aware and nonaware modes of extinction in classical conditioning to facial emotional stimuli. The subjects participated in three different experimental phases. In the first (habituation) phase they were presented with a 500 ms angry face. In the second (acquisition) phase, for half of the subjects the 500 ms face was paired with an aversive noise (experimental group) while for the other half of the subjects the face and the noise presentations were separated by 6-10 s intervals (sensitization control group). In the third (extinction) phase, these two groups were further divided into two subgroups. One subgroup of both the experimental and control group had the face stimulus presented for 30 ms, and immediately masked with a neutral picture. The other two subgroups had the face presented for 500 ms with no mask. The results showed that conditioning only occurred in the experimental subgroups which was indicated by a significant difference between skin conductance responses during habituation and corresponding responses during extinction. Secondly, comparing the experimental and control groups during the extinction phase, a significant conditioning effect was observed for both the aware and nonaware masked modes of extinction for the experimental group. The results suggest that conditioned autonomic responses may be elicited in a nonaware mode.

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Instructions and the orienting reflex in semantic conditioning of the galvanic skin response in an innocuous situation.

Cited by 55 publications

References 20 publications

Verbal conditioning, task instructions, and inhibition of the GSR measure of the orienting reflex

Verbal conditioning, task instructions, and inhibition of the GSR measure of the orienting reflex

Safety signals and human anxiety: A fear‐potentiated startle study

Nonaware classical conditioning to pictorial facial stimuli in a between-groups paradigm

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