“…To explore the research questions within the framework of distance learning and leadership education, a list of commonly utilized instructional and assessment strategies used in both online and leadership education contexts was created. The selection of online instructional strategies was informed by the empirical studies of Djajalaksana (2011; see also Fletcher, Djajalaksana, & Eison, 2012;Djajalaksana, Dedrick, & Eison, 2013) as well as the work of Salmon (2002), Bonk, Graham, Cross, and Moore (2005), and Bonk and Zhang (2008), all of whom published extensive guidebooks for online learning in educational settings. Additionally, studies by Allen and Hartman (2008a, 2009b, who created one of the first comprehensive lists of leadership development teaching methods found in the literature (see also Avolio, 1999;Day, 2000;London, 2002;Yukl, 2006) and later, Jenkins (2012Jenkins ( , 2013 who conducted an empirical exploration of instructional strategy use of undergraduate leadership educators, also informed the list of instructional strategies surveyed (see Table 1) to a large extent.…”