“…While a few students included specific lesson topics or very explicit activities, a majority of these responses were vague and did not explicitly demonstrate how they might incorporate sacrificial listening. This may have been due to unclear wording in the question, or it may signal a lack of PST selfefficacy (Bandura, 1977;Odebiyi, 2023). PST who have a strong self-efficacy are more likely to be able to implement new or innovative teaching methods (Hawkman et al, 2019).…”