Instant gel formation of viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluids by diluting through lamellar liquid crystal

Yang, Jiang; Cui, Weixiang; Lü, Yongjun; Guan, Bowen; Qiu, Xiaohui; Liu, Ping

doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2014.11.023

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…10, in which the storage modulus G 0 is larger than the loss modulus G 00 at a frequency of 0.1 to 100 rad/s. The angular frequency at the G 0 /G 00 crossover point is less than 0.1 rad/s, which indicates high elasticity of the fluid (Yang et al 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Supramolecular Fluid of Associative Polymer and Viscoelastic Surfactant for Hydraulic Fracturing

Yang

Cui

Guan

et al. 2016

SPE Production &Amp; Operations

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This paper details the study of a new fracturing fluid that is based on a supramolecular complex between associative polymer and viscoelastic surfactant (VES). The crosslinked complex gel was based on weak physical attractive forces, such as van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction between associative polymer and wormlike micelles of VES. The concentration of surfactant in the new fluid is 10 times less than that of VES fracturing fluid. The combination of VES and associative polymer synergistically enhances the viscosity to several times more than that of the individual components alone. The fluid system was optimized by experimental design. The microstructure of wormlike micelles and complex formation was verified by electron microscopy. The fluid is shear stable at high temperature for 1 hour. The dynamic rheological properties of the supramoleulcar fluid show high viscoelasticity, in which the elastic moduli are higher than the loss moduli below an angular frequency of 0.1 rad/s. The proppant-transport test in a large-scale fracture simulator showed good proppant-suspension ability. The fluid has 50% lower formation damage than conventional guar. The fluid was prepared with fewer additives, formed gel instantly, and can be mixed on the fly in the field. The gel can be completely broken with almost no residue. Field application of the new fracturing fluid in a gas well showed the enhancement of gas production by more than 100%. The fluid has 20% lower friction pressure than guar fluid. Hence, the new supramolecular fluid is an effective fracturing fluid.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The VES fluid contained a mixture of zwitterionic and anionic surfactant, similar to the system studied previously by Yang et al (2013). The surfactant was a 35% active solution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supramolecular Fluid of Associative Polymer and Viscoelastic Surfactant for Hydraulic Fracturing

Yang

Cui

Guan

et al. 2016

SPE Production &Amp; Operations

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“…In certain temperatures branched wormlike micelles were formed and suddenly decreased the viscosity due to the molecular-packing parameter. As the temperature increases, the second rise in viscosity has a similar mechanism to the first peak (Yang et al 2015). The breaking mechanism for this VES was studied by Fogang et al (Fogang et al 2016) with three different oils.…”

Section: Rheology Study On the Spent Ves-based Acidmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of Fe III and Chelating Agents on Performance of New VES-Based Acid Solution in High-Temperature Wells

Zebarjad

Nasr‐El‐Din

Badraoui³

2017

Day 2 Tue, April 04, 2017

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Viscoelastic surfactant (VES)-based acid systems are used in acid-diversion applications. However, high-temperature, interaction of the VES and Fe(III) (as a contaminant), addition of alcohol-based additives, and chelating agents all interfere with the apparent viscosity of the VES-based acid and reduce its effectiveness. This research introduces a new VES-based acid system that can be used for diversion in hightemperature formation matrix acidizing. This VES-based acid system exhibits high thermal stability in the presence of Fe(III) contamination and chelating agents. Also, this work elucidates the reaction mechanisms between VES, Fe(III), and two chelating agents (hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), and Glutamic acid diacetic acid (GLDA)) in spent acids. To study the rheological properties of the VES-based acid, three different formulations of spent acid (20 wt% hydrochloric acid (HCl), 5 vol% VES) were examined. By comparing the apparent viscosity of the three samples as a function of temperature, the same trend (similar viscosity at same temperatures) was illustrated. Moreover, the effect of chelating agents and Fe(III) on VES viscosity in spent acids was investigated. To understand the VES interaction with Fe(III) in spent conditions, a compatibility test was conducted on the live VES-acid and Fe(III) system. The results showed that the maximum concentration of the Fe(III), which is compatible with live VES-based acid, is 5,000 ppm; however, at higher Fe(III) concentrations, the VES interacted with the Fe(III) and precipitated. iii Rheological measurements were conducted on the spent VES based system with different Fe(III) concentrations as a function of temperature (80-400°F) at pH in the range of 4-5. At Fe(III) concentrations lower than 6,000 ppm, the apparent viscosity of the VESbased solutions increased in temperatures below 150°F as the Fe(III) concentration was increased. At higher temperatures (150-400°F), the maximum viscosities reduced with iron concentration, but generally they exhibited excellent thermal stability (150 cp at 400°F). The spent VES-based solution, when combined with 6,000 ppm Fe(III), entirely loses its viscosity. Experimental results indicated that the first peak of apparent viscosity of the VESbased solution increases at low concentrations (0.010 mol/L) of the chelating agents, HEDTA and GLDA, but for both chelating agents at higher concentrations (0.053 and 0.107 mol/L), the apparent viscosity reduces. Inclusively, the apparent viscosity remained above 140 cp with the highest concentration of chelating agents in the temperature range of 80-400°F. Furthermore, both chelating agents were added (1:1 molar to Fe(III)) to VES-based acid solutions with Fe(III) concentrations of 5,000 and 6,000 ppm. The results demonstrated that the negative impact of the chelating agents on the apparent viscosity does not superimpose on the negative effect of Fe(III). Chelating agents rebuilt the viscosity of the VES-based solution with 6,000 ppm Fe(III). For the 5,000 ppm Fe(III) solu...

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“…The former behavior is due to the fact that the aggre-gates formed move away from each other and a continuous decrease in viscosity is observed. At the temperatures beyond 60 ºC, viscosity increases because of increased surfactant-water interactions, and hence, more surfactant penetrates into the aqueous phase, increasing the micelle volume and resulting in increased viscosity (Dantas et al, 2003;Yang et al, 2015). But at increased temperature above 70 ºC (Figure 3), addition of alkali forbids this enhanced surfactant-water interaction effect because addition of counter ions resulted in decreased electrostatic repulsion between surfactant molecules.…”

Section: Steady Shear Rheology Of Ves Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nanoparticles and Surfactant Charge Groups on the Properties of Ves Gel

Chauhan

Ojha

Baruah

2017

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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Application of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluids in hydraulic fracturing is still in the development stage, though shear thinning behavior and water solubility are the two important characteristics behind increasing interest in their use in fracturing jobs. Effects of ionic characteristics and the concentration of different surfactants on the rheological properties of VES fluid have been investigated in detail in the present study for a number of surfactant systems. Phase behavior of the system was studied and the gel region was identified. Effects of alkali on the viscosity, thermal stability, and miscibility (in water) of the developed gel were also investigated. Dynamic rheological study was carried out to determine the storage modulus and loss modulus. This study shows that mixed anionic-anionic system gives improved rheology compared to single anionic and mixed anionic-zwitterionic surfactant systems.

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Instant gel formation of viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluids by diluting through lamellar liquid crystal

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

Supramolecular Fluid of Associative Polymer and Viscoelastic Surfactant for Hydraulic Fracturing

Supramolecular Fluid of Associative Polymer and Viscoelastic Surfactant for Hydraulic Fracturing

Effect of Fe III and Chelating Agents on Performance of New VES-Based Acid Solution in High-Temperature Wells

Effects of Nanoparticles and Surfactant Charge Groups on the Properties of Ves Gel

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