Insolubilization of Tramates versicolor laccase as cross-linked enzyme aggregates for the remediation of trace organic contaminants from municipal wastewater

Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization

“…[40][41][42][43] A company (CLEA technology) was created to commercialize CLEAs from different enzymes. However, the poor mechanical resistance makes that this biocatalysts must be utilized in reactors that do not submit the particles to mechanical stress, such as basket [44][45][46] or vortex reactors. 47 In fact, some researchers have proposed the trapping of the cross-linked aggregates in solids with better mechanical features [48][49][50][51] Other very popular strategy of enzyme immobilization in ex novo solids is the formation of nano-flowers, where the enzyme is incubated in some metal salts and a metal crystal grows using the enzyme surface as nucleation points.…”

Progressive Biocatalysts for the Treatment of Aqueous Systems Containing Pharmaceutical Pollutants

“…However, the loss of activity by enzymes in the process of their use is a serious problem. In this regard, the use of immobilized forms of enzymes capable of catalyzing the degradation of various PCPs was studied ( Table 2 ) [ 8 , 11 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ].…”

“…One of the promising methods of immobilizing enzymes, in particular laccases, is the production of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). This method of enzyme immobilization is well-known and has already proven itself positively, including with regard to laccase for municipal wastewater purification [ 31 ]. It consists in binding the amino acid residues of enzymes to each other using a crosslinking agent, and allows the maintenance of high (up to 70%) enzyme activity.…”

“…CLEAs can be obtained on the basis of pure enzymes and crude proteins, which is a significant advantage in obtaining enzymatic biocatalysts for PCPs degradation in large-scale processes. However, there are a number of problems associated with the low mechanical stability of CLEAs and their fragility, which complicates mass transfer, limits the filterability of media and limits their use in industry [ 18 , 31 ].…”

Immobilized‐laccase bioreactors for wastewater treatment

“…reactor that operated in continuous mode for 500 h. [24] They reported that 60 min of operation was required to obtain the steady state for the maximum degradation (93%). The obtained results were promising but issues related to the decrease of laccase activity along time need to be solved.…”