Insights into virulence factors determining the pathogenicity of<i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i>

Singh, Niharika; Goel, Gunjan; Raghav, Mamta

doi:10.1080/21505594.2015.1036217

Cited by 59 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…have been epidemiologically linked to the consumption of contaminated powdered infant form4. However, virulence genes and mechanism of pathogenicity of C. sakazakii remain unclear5.…”

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confidence: 99%

The driving force of prophages and CRISPR-Cas system in the evolution of Cronobacter sakazakii

Zeng

Zhang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Cronobacter sakazakii is an important foodborne pathogens causing rare but life-threatening diseases in neonates and infants. CRISPR-Cas system is a new prokaryotic defense system that provides adaptive immunity against phages, latter play an vital role on the evolution and pathogenicity of host bacteria. In this study, we found that genome sizes of C. sakazakii strains had a significant positive correlation with total genome sizes of prophages. Prophages contributed to 16.57% of the genetic diversity (pan genome) of C. sakazakii, some of which maybe the potential virulence factors. Subtype I-E CRISPR-Cas system and five types of CRISPR arrays were found in the conserved site of C. sakazakii strains. CRISPR1 and CRISPR2 loci with high variable spacers were active and showed potential protection against phage attacks. The number of spacers from two active CRISPR loci in clinical strains was significant less than that of foodborne strains, it maybe a reason why clinical strains were found to have more prophages than foodborne strains. The frequently gain/loss of prophages and spacers in CRISPR loci is likely to drive the quick evolution of C. sakazakii. Our study provides a new insight into the co-evolution of phages and C. sakazakii.

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“…have been epidemiologically linked to the consumption of contaminated powdered infant form4. However, virulence genes and mechanism of pathogenicity of C. sakazakii remain unclear5.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The driving force of prophages and CRISPR-Cas system in the evolution of Cronobacter sakazakii

Zeng

Zhang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…The bacterium has been isolated from the environment, food, and clinical sources (2,(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). To date, three species, C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. turicensis, have been reported to cause clinical infection (14). Previous pangenome analyses of Cronobacter spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reconstituting the History of Cronobacter Evolution Driven by Differentiated CRISPR Activity

Zeng¹,

Zhang²,

Wu³

et al. 2018

Appl Environ Microbiol

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strains harboring the CRISPR-Cas system are important foodborne pathogens causing serious neonatal infections. However, the specific role of the CRISPR-Cas system in bacterial evolution remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we investigated the impact of CRISPR-Cas in evolution and obtained 137 new whole-genome sequences of by next-generation sequencing technology. Among the strains examined (n=240), 90.6% (193/213) of prevalent species ,, and strains had intact CRISPR-Cas systems. Two rare species, (n=2) and (n=6), lacked and preserved the CRISPR-Cas system at a low frequency (1/6), respectively. These results suggest that the presence of one CRISPR-Cas system in is important for the species to maintain genome homeostasis for survival. The ancestral strain was likely to harbored both subtype I-E and I-F CRISPR-Cas systems, during the long evolutionary process, subtype I-E was retained, while subtype I-F selectively degenerated in species and was even lost in the major pathovars. Moreover, significantly higher CRISPR activity was observed in plant-associated species than in the virulence-related species and Similar spacers of CRISPR arrays were rarely found among species, suggesting intensive change through adaptive acquisition and loss. Differentiated CRISPR activity appears to be the product of environmental selective pressure and might contribute to the bidirectional divergence and speciation of This study reports the evolutionary history of under the selective pressure of the CRISPR-Cas system. One CRISPR-Cas system in is important for maintaining genome homeostasis, whereas two types of systems may be redundant and not conducive for acquiring beneficial DNA for environmental adaption and pathogenicity. Differentiated CRISPR activity has contributed to the bidirectional divergence and genetic diversity of This perspective makes a significant contribution to the literature by providing new insights into CRISPR-Cas systems in general, while further expanding the roles of CRISPR beyond conferring adaptive immunity and demonstrating a link to adaptation and species divergence in a genus. Moreover, our study provides new insights into the balance between genome homeostasis and the uptake of beneficial DNA related to CRISPR-based activity in the evolution of .

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“…In our previous studies, GroEL showed high expression levels and strong immunogenicity (Wang et al, 2013). OmpX is an outer membrane protein that is essential for the basal invasion of C. sakazakii and can help the bacterium translocate into the deeper organs (spleen and liver) of rats (Singh et al, 2015), suggesting the key roles of OmpX associated with C. sakazakii virulence. PCR analysis showed that the OmpX gene was present in all 164 tested C. sakazakii strains and 16 tested C. malonaticus strains, which are the two main species associated with clinical cases (Eibach et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Protective Effect of Recombinant Proteins of Cronobacter Sakazakii During Pregnancy on the Offspring

Song

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Cronobacter sakazakii is a food-borne pathogen carried in milk powder that can cause severe bacteremia, enterocolitis, and meningitis in newborns, which can lead to death of newborns. Preventing infection by this pathogen is significant to the health of newborns. Since infants and young children are the main target group of C. sakazakii, it is considered that maternal immunity can enhance the protection of newborns. Previous studies showed that two proteins of C. sakazakii (GroEL and OmpX) exhibited high expression levels and elicited strong immune reactions, suggesting their potential as vaccine candidates. In this study, GroEL and OmpX were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and purified as immunogens to immunize pregnant rats. Three days after birth, the progeny were challenged with C. sakazakii to determine the protective effect of maternal immunity on the offspring. The results showed that immunization during pregnancy decreased bacterial load in the brain and blood, reduced brain and intestine damage, and significantly increased specific antibody titers in the offspring. Immunization with the recombinant proteins significantly increased cytokine levels in the serum of the progeny. The group whose mothers were immunized with OmpX produced more IL-4, while the group whose mothers were immunized with GroEL produced more IFN-γ, indicating that the immunogens enhanced the Th2 and Th1 responses, respectively. However, although the immune response was induced by both proteins, only the offspring of the pregnant rats immunized with OmpX or OmpX/GroEL mixture showed delayed death, possibly because immunization with OmpX led to a stronger humoral immune response in the offspring, suggesting that OmpX was a better vaccine candidate than GroEL. This study first reported that exposure to C. sakazakii proteins during pregnancy could improve the offspring's ability to resist infection caused by this pathogen.

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Insights into virulence factors determining the pathogenicity ofCronobacter sakazakii

Cited by 59 publications

References 114 publications

The driving force of prophages and CRISPR-Cas system in the evolution of Cronobacter sakazakii

The driving force of prophages and CRISPR-Cas system in the evolution of Cronobacter sakazakii

Reconstituting the History of Cronobacter Evolution Driven by Differentiated CRISPR Activity

Protective Effect of Recombinant Proteins of Cronobacter Sakazakii During Pregnancy on the Offspring

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