Insights into monkeypox pathophysiology, global prevalence, clinical manifestation and treatments

Abstract

On 23rd July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the ongoing monkeypox outbreak as a public medical crisis. Monkeypox virus (MPV), the etiological agent of monkeypox, is a zoonotic, linear, double-stranded DNA virus. In 1970, the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported the first case of MPV infection. Human-to-human transmission can happen through sexual contact, inhaled droplets, or skin-to-skin contact. Once inoculated, the viruses multiply rapidly and spread into the bloodstream to cause viremia, which then affect multiple organs, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, genitals, lungs, and liver. By September 9, 2022, more than 57,000 cases had been reported in 103 locations, especially in Europe and the United States. Infected patients are characterized by physical symptoms such as red rash, fatigue, backache, muscle aches, headache, and fever. A variety of medical strategies are available for orthopoxviruses, including monkeypox. Monkeypox prevention following the smallpox vaccine has shown up to 85% efficacy, and several antiviral drugs, such as Cidofovir and Brincidofovir, may slow the viral spread. In this article, we review the origin, pathophysiology, global epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and possible treatments of MPV to prevent the propagation of the virus and provide cues to generate specific drugs.

Complicaciones neurológicas en pacientes infectados con viruela del simio: Una revisión bibliográfica

“…Se debe limpiar enérgicamente la lesión para garantizar que se recolecte el ADN viral adecuado. Las pruebas de ADN de un hisopo de garganta para detectar el virus de la viruela símica y pueden servir con fines de investigación o epidemiológicos, pero generalmente no se utilizan en el ámbito clínico (19,27,30).…”

“…En 1996, la FDA la aprobó para el tratamiento de la retinitis por citomegalovirus en pacientes con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) (21,25). Estudios in vitro y en animales demostraron eficacia contra los ortopoxvirus y las infecciones letales por viruela símica en animales (25,30). La toxicidad renal grave es el principal efecto adverso.…”

“…Ha sido aprobado para el tratamiento de la viruela humana en pacientes adultos y pediátricos, incluidos los recién nacidos. Actualmente, no hay datos suficientes sobre la eficacia del brincidofovir en el tratamiento de la viruela del simio en humanos (25,30). Sin embargo, estudios in vitro y en animales ISSN: 2697-3391 Vol.…”

Anti‐Monkeypox Infection Approaches: From Prevention to Therapeutic Lines

“…Monkeypox (Mpox) virus was first observed in cynomolgus monkeys kept for research in Denmark in 1958, 1 and Mpox in humans was first determined in Central Africa in 1970 with clinical similarities and different epidemiology to smallpox 2 . Throughout history, the Mpox virus has caused several outbreaks, the most recent of which occurred in endemic and nonendemic regions around the world in 2022 3,4 …”

Nexus between monkeypox and obesity: improved precautions and vigilance for obese patients

“…Two doses of the JYNNEOS MPXV vaccine are used to prevent this infection, despite the longevity of vaccination action yet unclear [7] . Some nations have policies or are creating them to provide vaccines to people who may be at risk, including laboratory staff, quick reaction teams, and health care professionals [8] . The primary preventative method for Mpox involves increasing public knowledge of risk factors and teaching individuals about the steps they may take to lessen virus exposure.…”