Insights Into Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs Sorting Mechanism and Clinical Application

Abstract

Exosomes are natural nanoscale bilayer phospholipid vesicles that can be secreted by almost all types of cells and are detected in almost all types of body fluids. Exosomes are effective mediators of cell–cell signaling communication because of their ability to carry and transfer a variety of bioactive molecules, including non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs have also been found to exert strong effects on a variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis. Many researchers have established that exosomes encapsulate bioactive non-coding RNAs that alter the biological phenotype of specific target cells in an autocrine or a paracrine manner. However, the mechanism by which the producer cells package non-coding RNAs into exosomes is not well understood. This review focuses on the current research on exosomal non-coding RNAs, including the biogenesis of exosomes, the possible mechanism of sorting non-coding RNAs, their biological functions, and their potential for clinical application in the future.

Current and prospective applications of exosomal microRNAs in pulmonary fibrosis (Review)

“…In 2007, Valadi et al ( 50 ) demonstrated for the first time that both mouse and human mast cell exosomes contained mRNAs and miRNAs that could be transferred to and mediate physiological functions in the recipient cells. Subsequently, other studies confirmed the existence of several other non-coding RNA species in exosomes ( 51 , 52 ).…”

Engineered exosomes for targeted delivery of miR-187-3p suppress the viability of hemangioma stem cells by targeting Notch signaling

“…These results indicate that the exosome-based delivery strategy was crucial for miR-187-3p to function more effectively in the intracellular environment. Moreover, due to its natural lipid bilayer membrane, exosomes protected the miRNA against degradation by the physical environment and increased the intracellular uptake by target cells (32). miRNAs are small, non-coding regulatory RNA molecules that function as post-transcriptional gene regulators of various cell behaviors, including proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.…”

Blood Circulating Non-Coding RNAs for the Clinical Management of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

“…One of the major pros for the analysis of ncRNAs as TNBC biomarkers is their remarkable stability in body fluids and significantly altered expression under the cancer conditions. They are both released into blood circulation from cancerous tissues (directly or within the exosomes) or from host tissues affected by tumor occurrence [37]. Moreover, the monitoring of ncRNAs' expression with the use of liquid biopsy, especially in blood circulation (plasma or serum), is more convenient, cheaper, and safer for patients than a series of tissue biopsies.…”