Insight into the Loading and Release Properties of MCM-48/Biopolymer Composites as Carriers for 5-Fluorouracil: Equilibrium Modeling and Pharmacokinetic Studies

Abstract

The effect of the integration between MCM-48 and some biopolymers (starch, chitosan, and β-cyclodextrin) on enhancing the pharmaceutical properties of MCM-48 as advanced carriers for the 5-fluorouracil drug was studied considering the loading capacities and the release profiles. The prepared carriers are MCM-48/chitosan (MCM/CH), MCM-48/starch composite (MCM/ST), and MCM-48/β-Cyclodextrin (MCM/CD). They emphasized excellent 5-Fu loading capacities of 141.2 mg/g (MCM-48), 156.6 mg/g (MCM/ST), 191 mg/g (MCM/CH), and 170 mg/g (MCM/CD), reflecting significant enhancement in the loading capacities. The kinetic and equilibrium investigation suggested physisorption loading of 5-Fu drug in a monolayer form for MCM-48, MCM/ST, and MCM/CH (Langmuir) and in a multilayer form for MCM/CD (Freundlich). This was supported by the estimated adsorption energies (0.23 kJ/mol (MCM-48), 0.26 kJ/mol (MCM/ST), 0.3 kJ/mol (MCM/CH), and 0.75 kJ/mol (MCM/CD)) and the thermodynamic parameters of free energy and enthalpy. The obtained release profiles for 80 h reflected significant controlling for the releasing behavior of MCM/48 on integrating its structure by adjusting the type of the selected polymer and its ratio. The pharmacokinetic modeling and the diffusion exponent from the Korsmeyer–Peppas model suggested non-Fickian transport behavior (a combination of erosion and diffusion releasing mechanism) for MCM/ST, MCM/CH, and MCM/CD and Fickian diffusion behavior (diffusion releasing mechanism) for MCM-48.

Insight into the Loading Properties of Na+ Green-Functionalized Clinoptilolite as a Potential Carrier for the 5-Fluorouracil Drug, its Release Kinetics, and Cytotoxicity

“…The release process at this stage is restricted only to the entrapped 5-Fu molecules within the structural channels of zeolite and the strongly binding molecules with functional groups of the carriers which reduce the diffusion efficiency. 3 , 38 …”

“… 2 Based on the recent expectations, the world will face grave challenges of an interminable increase of cancer deaths by 75%, especially from colorectal cancer (CRC). 3 CRC is extensively distributed in the world, especially in developing and poor countries. 4 This directed the interested researchers and health authorities to introduce and develop innovative, efficient, low-cost, and safe therapies to be suitable for such poor countries.…”

Insight into the Technical Qualification of the Sonocogreen CaO/Clinoptilolite Nanocomposite (CaO(NP)/Clino) as an Advanced Delivery System for 5-Fluorouracil: Equilibrium and Cytotoxicity

“…The recognized 5-FL equilibrium loading capacities of Clino and CaO (NP) /Clino are 88 mg/g and 125.4 mg/g, respectively (Figure B). This behavior as a function of the 5-FL loading time was assigned to the presence of numerous free active loading receptors during the initial 5-FL loading intervals, which resulted in high loading rates. , With expanding the 5-FL loading time, the available free receptors were consumed regularly by the adsorbed 5-FL molecules, and the loading process became restricted to the remaining receptors . Therefore, the 5-FL loading rate declined significantly, and the complete occupation of all the receptors resulted in the equilibration stage that exhibits nearly fixed loading rates and capacities.…”

“…Therefore, synthetic carriers and delivery systems with significant chemical and structural properties were assessed to avoid the reported side effects of the 5-FL drug and to enhance its therapeutic effect . Synthetic carriers are used essentially to deliver the loaded 5-FL drug at managed dosage, systematic diffusion rate, aggressively pursued, and targeted pathways. , The introduced carriers in the later periods show considerable effects on (1) inducing the solubility of the 5-FL drug, (2) controlling its diffusion rate, (3) inducing its selectivity properties toward the target cells, (4) declining its degradation rate, (5) promoting the patient compliance, (6) keeping its concentration at the required therapeutic value, and (7) inducing the pharmacological and curative profiles. ,− The materials introduced as carriers for 5-FL drugs in the recent periods included biodegradable polymers, kaolinite and halloysite, , zeolite, MCM-based materials, clay-based minerals, , and layered double hydroxides …”

“…Calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles are one of the reliable metal oxide nanoparticles widely used in several biomedical and environmental applications. ,, This is related to their eco-friendly properties, high chemical activity, low fabrication cost, low solubility, low toxicity, and high availability of their precursors. ,, The CaO particles can be produced by different physical, biological, thermal, and chemical techniques with different physicochemical properties . The green and environmental synthesis methods were assessed and recommended widely in the later periods as simple, effective, and eco-friendly techniques .…”