Insight Into the Formation of Lithium Alloys in All-Solid-State Thin Film Lithium Batteries

Abstract

Solid-state thin film batteries utilize electrode and electrolyte components which are nanometers or micrometers thick, enabling the production of novel devices with new form factors. Here, in situ X-ray diffraction is used to carry out the first study of a solid-state thin film lithium-ion battery containing a solid-state LiPON electrolyte and Bi negative electrode. The structure-electrochemistry relationships in the Li-Bi system are revealed and details of cell construction, data collection, and data analysis is presented to guide for research.

Pulsed Laser Deposition‐based Thin Film Microbatteries

“…Ex situ XRD can be used to elucidate changes in the structure with cycling [220] while operando XRD can track real time changes in structure as a function of electrochemical cycling. [212] The latter has been demonstrated on a microbattery illustrating the alloying process of Bi with Li during function. [212] A related technique for determining the thickness and compositions of thin layers is X-ray (or neutron) reflectometry.…”

“…[212] The latter has been demonstrated on a microbattery illustrating the alloying process of Bi with Li during function. [212] A related technique for determining the thickness and compositions of thin layers is X-ray (or neutron) reflectometry. The challenge with these techniques is preparing an atomically flat surface (roughness less than~1 nm [221] ) in order to probe the layers quantitatively.…”

“…It should be noted that metals such as In or Bi or Licontaining alloys are often used as the anode in microbatteries. [212] Some cases have also demonstrated growth of carbons using PLD where the graphite sheets are aligned with respect to the substrate. [213] 6.…”

Advanced Characterization Techniques for Interface in All‐Solid‐State Batteries

“…High‐intensity synchrotron radiation technique was used for in situ XRD characterization for evaluating the structure of interface between Bi/LiPON/Li ASSBs by Goonetilleke et al From the results of in situ XRD, authors observed that LiBi and Li 2 B were generated during discharge process of Bi/LiPON/Li ASSBs and these reactions were reversible during charge process. [ 102 ] Asano et al [ 103 ] used in situ XRD to investigate the phase transition in LiCoO 2 /Li 3 YCl 6 /Li‐In ASSBs. The cell structure for in situ XRD measurement is shown in Figure a,b.…”

Exploration of the high temperature phase evolution of electrochemically modified Sc2(WO4)3via potassium discharge

“…The use of electrochemistry (and/or thermal treatments) to synthesise or modify materials has been successfully demonstrated, allowing for fine control of the quantity of guest ions inserted, thereby enabling phases with very specific compositions (which may otherwise be difficult to synthesise) to be explored. 17,18 The use of electrochemical activation to modify the properties of a material has previously been investigated for systems in the A2(MO4)3 series, such as Sc2(WO4)3, Al2(WO4)3 and Sc2(MoO4)3. 16,19 After electrochemical modification via the insertion of sodium into the structure, the Sc2(WO3)4 structure was found to be retained upon heating up to 698 K. Heating beyond this temperature resulted in different phase evolution depending on the "extent" of electrochemical discharge, i.e., the amount of Na inserted into the electrode.…”