“…Among various polyoxometalates, bismuth-based compounds such as Bi 2 WO 6 , Bi 2 MoO 6 of Aurivillius structure, and BiVO 4 of Scheelite structure, are another class of oxides of interest because of their considerable chemical stability, up-shifted VB resulting from hybridization between Bi 6s and O 2p states and narrow band gaps, Frontiers in Chemistry frontiersin.org together with their similar layered crystal structures complimentary for charge separation and transfer (Zhang et al, 2011;Hao et al, 2020;Wenjie Liu et al, 2020;Utomo et al, 2022). Besides, the hybridization of Bi 6s and O 2p levels accounts for their largely dispersed VB, benefiting the migration of photoinduced holes and thus improving the oxidative reactions (Huang et al, 2020) (Cooper et al, 2014;Dai et al, 2016;Zhu et al, 2022). Nevertheless, the potentially high NRR activities are profoundly impeded by their intrinsic shortcomings, such as the photo-corrosion susceptibility for Bi 2 WO 6 , the limited light absorption in the ultraviolet region for Bi 2 MoO 6 , the poor water oxidation kinetics and slow mobility of photo-excited charge carriers for BiVO 4 (Girish Kumar and Koteswara Rao, 2015;Xin Liu et al, 2020).…”