Insect Resistance to Insecticides, Biochemical Factors in the Acquired Resistance of Houseflies to Organophosphate Insecticides

Mengle, Donald C.; Casida, J. E.

doi:10.1021/jf60112a002

Cited by 39 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…In the present study the MC carbofuran was highly effective in both AChE and nAChR binding inhibition. Freshly decapitated Musca are similar to normal Musca in OP sensitivity, indicating that action at a site other than the brain plays a role in poisoning (20). PPP lacks the AChE-associated toxic effects of other OPs indicating that, in this case, the brain is more an indicator than a direct target of the insecticidal action.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Insect nicotinic receptor interactions in vivo with neonicotinoid, organophosphorus, and methylcarbamate insecticides and a synergist

Shao

Xia

Durkin

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (nAChR) is the principal insecticide target. Nearly half of the insecticides by number and world market value are neonicotinoids acting as nAChR agonists or organophosphorus (OP) and methylcarbamate (MC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. There was no previous evidence for in vivo interactions of the nAChR agonists and AChE inhibitors. The nitromethyleneimidazole (NMI) analog of imidacloprid, a highly potent neonicotinoid, was used here as a radioligand, uniquely allowing for direct measurements of house fly (Musca domestica) head nAChR in vivo interactions with various nicotinic agents. Nine neonicotinoids inhibited house fly brain nAChR [ 3 H]NMI binding in vivo, corresponding to their in vitro potency and the poisoning signs or toxicity they produced in intrathoracically treated house flies. Interestingly, nine topically applied OP or MC insecticides or analogs also gave similar results relative to in vivo nAChR binding inhibition and toxicity, but now also correlating with in vivo brain AChE inhibition, indicating that ACh is the ultimate OP-or MC-induced nAChR active agent. These findings on [ 3 H]NMI binding in house fly brain membranes validate the nAChR in vivo target for the neonicotinoids, OPs and MCs. As an exception, the remarkably potent OP neonicotinoid synergist, O-propyl O-(2-propynyl) phenylphosphonate, inhibited nAChR in vivo without the corresponding AChE inhibition, possibly via a reactive ketene metabolite reacting with a critical nucleophile in the cytochrome P450 active site and the nAChR NMI binding site.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Insect nicotinic receptor interactions in vivo with neonicotinoid, organophosphorus, and methylcarbamate insecticides and a synergist

Shao

Xia

Durkin

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Extensive studies made by Mengle and Casida (19), and Krueger et al (13), did not reveal important interstrain differences in vivo in the rate of insecticide breakdown, cuticular penetration, phosphorothionate oxidation, or disappearance rate of the actual toxicant phosphate. The main difference which appeared to be related to resistance was in the rate of cholinesterase inhibition w'hich was modified by a "factor" in the thorax and/or abdomen.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Insect Resistance to Insecticides, Enzymatic Degradation of Parathion in Organophosphate-Susceptible and -Resistant Houseflies

Matsumura¹,

Hogendijk²

1964

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The metabolic fate of parathion and diazinon, in one susceptible and two orgarophosphate-resistant strains of houseflies, was studied by chromatography and radioisotope techniques. The main interstrain difference resulted from the superior ability of the resistant strains to degrade parathion to diethyl phosphorothionaie. The enzyme involved in the degradation process in the strains S and Ka was purified about 30 times by acetone powder formation, DEAE-fractionation, and ethanol precipiiation. The partially purified enzyme preparations obtained from all three strains hydrolyzed parathion and diazinon to diethyl phosphorothionaie, but their activity in hydrolyzing paraoxon was relatively low. The importance of these interstrain differences in relation to organophosphate resistance is discussed.TUDIES on insecticide resistance dur-S ing the past decade have elucidated several mechanisms of resistance in many insect species ( 3 ) . Biochemical aspects of organophosphate-resistance (OP-resistance) were first studied in the housefly (Musca dome.rtica) by March ( 7 4 , who found the malathion-resistant Stauffer strain to degrade malaoxon in vitro more rapidly than the susceptible individuals. Similarly. Oppenoorth and van Asperen (27) showed the importance of biochemical degradation of paraoxon, diazinon, and malaoxon by demonstrating that, a t relatively low concentrations, the speed of disappearance of these toxic phosphates was much faster in homogenates of resistant strains than that in the susceptible strain. They employed a fly head cholinesterase bioassay technique. These authors had already shown by genetic and other means that OP-resistance was very often associated with an abnormally low level of aliesterase activity in the housefly (7). They concluded that the mutant gene which caused the lo\.z.er aliesterase level Present address: Department of Entomology, Cornel1 Cniversitv, Ithaca,

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“…1 times for parathion (Sun 1968. Mengle and Casida 1960). 2.8 times for dieldrin (Georghiou andBowen 1966, Bruce andDecker 1950), 11.2 times for DDT (Bruce and Decker 1950, March and Metealf 19501, to 900 times for carbaryl (Metcalf 1968, Mengle andCasida 1960). The large variations in results for DDT and carbaryl are probably due to the temperature effect on DDT and the penetration effect on carbaryl.…”

Section: 4 Factors Affecting Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In studying. the resistance of flies against a numbre of OPs, many factors were discussed by Mengle and Casida (1960) in relation to the effects on enzymes and toxicity, but it was difficult to pin down the reasons for resistance, especially when phosphorothioates were involved. Georghiou and Bowen (1966) compared the resistance of field treated house flies in six areas to the laboratory strain and found that their resistance to DDT and dieldrin was very high (>lo0 times), but only a few times resistant to most OPs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect Resistance to Insecticides and Dynamics of Insect Toxicology

Sun¹,

Sun

1994

Insect Science

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various areas of effort and add details of the authors' recent original researches. It is these reports of previously unpublished work that make this compilation of special value. The volume should be of interest and use to medical entomolo-gists, sanitarians, and sanitary engineers concerned with the operational aspects of insect control; to public health administrators responsible for the prevention of arthropod-borne diseases; and to the scientists involved in the laboratory study of insecticides. JUSTIN M. ANDREWS Perinatal Medicine, is in the direct line of tradition of the academy's publication on maternal mortality in 1933 which did so much to destroy the professional and public complacency toward maternal deaths existing at that time. The present report should be of the utmost interest to health workers, in both clinical and public health practice, who wish to bring about a further reduction in perinatal deaths and provide the best care for other infants in the light of present-day knowledge. The detailed description of the method, forms, and questionnaires used, along with the critical comments about the study itself and suggestions emanating from the experience gained, should be of value to individuals planning similar studies. A detailed analysis was made in each case of the clinical and pathological records , supplemented in many instances by interviews with physicians, nurses, and other persons. In those instances in which the results of the analysis were not clear-cut, the cases were referred for review by panels, each of which consisted of an obstetrician, a pediatrician, and a pathologist. All cases were classified according to preventability, taking into consideration such factors as adequacy of prenatal care, medical judgment , medical technics, fault of family, qualifications of medical attendant, and pediatric care. The study concluded that 35 per cent of all the deaths were preventable. Errors in medical judgment were considered to be present in 31 per cent, unsatisfactory pediatric care in 27 per cent, and errors in medical technic 24 per cent, although these were not necessarily considered as directly related to pre-ventability of death in a given case. Preceding the actual statistical analysis is a series of dramatic cases illustrating the various responsibility factors, which makes the subsequent statistical material more alive and meaningful.

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Insect Resistance to Insecticides, Biochemical Factors in the Acquired Resistance of Houseflies to Organophosphate Insecticides

Cited by 39 publications

References 18 publications

Insect nicotinic receptor interactions in vivo with neonicotinoid, organophosphorus, and methylcarbamate insecticides and a synergist

Insect nicotinic receptor interactions in vivo with neonicotinoid, organophosphorus, and methylcarbamate insecticides and a synergist

Insect Resistance to Insecticides, Enzymatic Degradation of Parathion in Organophosphate-Susceptible and -Resistant Houseflies

Insect Resistance to Insecticides and Dynamics of Insect Toxicology

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