InSAR and seismic analyses of the 2014–15 earthquake sequence near Bushkan, Iran: shallow faulting in the core of an anticline fold

Kintner, Jonas A.; Wauthier, C.; Ammon, Charles J.

doi:10.1093/gji/ggz065

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The shallow depths of Phase 2 of the Khalili sequence are therefore unusual (Figure 7), but they are not unprecedented. The 2013 M w 6.2 Khaki‐Shonbe earthquake ruptured a subsidiary fault plane (southeast of the deeper, main rupture) at shallow depths of ∼2–4 km (Elliott et al., 2015), and the nearby 2014 M w 5.1 Bushkan earthquake slipped at depths of ∼2–6 km (Kintner et al., 2019). We note that both these shallow slip planes are associated with anticlinal structures containing active gas fields (the Kangan/Zireh fields and Dalan fields, respectively), though further study would be needed to assess whether they too might have been induced.…”

Section: Discussion: Was the 2019–2020 Khalili Sequence Induced?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2019–2020 Khalili (Iran) Earthquake Sequence—Anthropogenic Seismicity in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt?

et al. 2021

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We investigate the origin of a long‐lived earthquake cluster in the Fars arc of the Zagros Simply Folded Belt that is colocated with the major Shanul natural gas field. The cluster emerged in January 2019 and initially comprised small events of Mn ∼ 3–4. It culminated on 9 June 2020 with a pair of Mw 5.4 and 5.7 earthquakes, which was followed by >100 aftershocks. We assess the spatiotemporal evolution of the earthquake sequence using multiple event hypocenter relocations, waveform inversions, and Sentinel‐1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements and models. We find that the early part of the sequence is spatially distinct from the 9 June 2020 earthquakes and their aftershocks. Moment tensors, centroid depths, and source parameter uncertainties of 15 of the largest (Mn ≥ 4.0) events show that the sequence is dominated by reverse faulting at shallow depths (mostly ≤4 km) within the sedimentary cover. InSAR modeling shows that the Mw 5.7 mainshock occurred at depths of 2–8 km with a rupture length and maximum slip of ∼20 km and ∼0.5 m, respectively. Our results suggest that the 2019–2020 Khalili earthquake sequence was likely influenced by operation of the Shanul field, though elevated natural seismicity in the Zagros makes the association difficult to prove. Understanding how to distinguish man‐made from natural seismicity is helpful for hazard and risk assessment, notably in the Zagros, which is both seismically active and rich in oil and gas reserves.

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Section: Discussion: Was the 2019–2020 Khalili Sequence Induced?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2019–2020 Khalili (Iran) Earthquake Sequence—Anthropogenic Seismicity in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt?

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The shallow depths of Phase 2 of the Khalili sequence are therefore unusual (Figure 7), but they are not unprecedented. The 2013 M w 6.2 Khaki-Shonbe earthquake ruptured a subsidiary fault plane (southeast of the deeper, main rupture) at shallow depths of ∼2-4 km (Elliott et al, 2015), and the nearby 2014 M w 5.1 Bushkan earthquake slipped at depths of ∼2-6 km (Kintner et al, 2019). We note that both these shallow slip planes are associated with anticlinal structures containing active gas fields (the Kangan/Zireh fields and Dalan fields, respectively), though further study would be needed to assess whether they too might have been induced.…”

Section: Discussion: Was the 2019-2020 Khalili Sequence Induced?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2019-2020 Khalili (Iran) earthquake sequence - anthropogenic seismicity in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt?

Jamalreyhani

Pousse‐Beltran

Büyükakpınar

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Anthropogenic earthquakes, defined as those induced or triggered by human actions, have now been identified in many different regions across the globe (Foulger et al., 2018). Activities known or suspected to cause anthropogenic seismicity include subsurface fluid injection or extraction-through hydraulic fracturing, geothermal energy exploitation, and gas storage-as well as mining operations and water reservoir impoundment (Grigoli

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“…C 1 d is the inverse of the data covariance matrix (Fukushima et al, 2005). In this study, we assume similar weight for all three components of the displacements and no data correlation but instead run and concatenate the results of 50 NA inversion searches following Kintner et al (2019).…”

Section: Forward Model Okada Solutions and Optimization Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inversions of Surface Displacements in Scaled Experiments of Analog Magma Intrusion

Poppe,

Wauthier,

Fontijn

2024

Geophysical Research Letters

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Standard geodetic models simplify magma sheet injection to the opening of geometrically simple dislocations in a linearly elastic, homogeneous medium. Intrusion geometries are often complex, however, and non‐elastic deformation mechanisms can dominate the response of heterogeneous rocks to magma‐induced stresses. We used three‐dimensional near‐surface displacements of a scaled laboratory experiment in which a steeply inclined analog magma sheet was injected into granular material. We ran forward models and inverted for eight parameters of an “Okada‐type” tensile rectangular dislocation in a homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic half‐space. Displacements generated by a forward model largely mismatch the experimental displacements, but full or restricted non‐linear inversions of geometrical parameters reduce the residual displacements. The intrusion opening, dip, depth, and to a lesser degree length and width mismatch the most between the experiment and inversion results, whereas location and strike mismatch the least. Our results challenge assumptions made by many analytical and geodetic models.

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InSAR and seismic analyses of the 2014–15 earthquake sequence near Bushkan, Iran: shallow faulting in the core of an anticline fold

Cited by 13 publications

References 35 publications

The 2019–2020 Khalili (Iran) Earthquake Sequence—Anthropogenic Seismicity in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt?

The 2019–2020 Khalili (Iran) Earthquake Sequence—Anthropogenic Seismicity in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt?

The 2019-2020 Khalili (Iran) earthquake sequence - anthropogenic seismicity in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt?

Inversions of Surface Displacements in Scaled Experiments of Analog Magma Intrusion

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