Inrush Current Management During Medium Voltage Microgrid Black Start With Battery Energy Storage System

Shahparasti, Mahdi; Laaksonen, Hannu; Kauhaniemi, Kimmo; Lauttamus, P.; Strandberg, Stefan; Strandberg, Jan

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3167701

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Results show that for SE, the stopping criteria with inner loops can be achieved with shorter ramp durations due to the imposed current-limiting control dynamics. The results presented recently in [6] support this initial observation, and are recommended for further detailed investigation.…”

Section: Soft Energization Sensitivity Analysissupporting

confidence: 77%

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Transformer Inrush Current Mitigation Techniques for Grid-Forming Inverters Dominated Grids

Alassi

Ahmed

Egea‐Àlvarez

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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The use of inverters-based resources (IBRs) is rising rapidly in power networks due to increased renewable energy penetration. This requires revisiting of classical network operation standards. For instance, high transformer energization inrush current has been studied extensively under the classical network paradigm. Whereas this paper investigates transformers' energization techniques in the context of inverters dominated grids, where inverters with limited short-circuit current are expected to utilize their grid-forming capabilities for black-start. Common transformer energization techniques such as controlled switching and soft energization are first analyzed with a new perspective aiming to assess their feasibility when used with gridforming inverters and existing network assets. Parameters influencing soft energization voltage ramp-up time (𝑻 𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒑 ) are investigated, and a new 𝑻 𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒑 estimation framework for transformer energization from IBRs is introduced. Due to the variability of available point-on-wave circuit breakers (CBs) in distribution networks, controlled energization using single-pole and three-pole CBs is investigated for various configurations and their application limits are identified. A comprehensive case study is then presented using a test network with multiple transformers to benchmark the performance and requirements of each technique when the network is energized from an IBR, followed by a set of practical recommendations.

show abstract

Section: Soft Energization Sensitivity Analysissupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Another recent work proposes modifying the inverter voltage or current references for inrush mitigation. Experimental results using a 1 MVA battery to energize a network show significant inrush mitigation [6]. Though, the presented analysis does not take the residual flux (𝜙 𝑟 ) impact into account.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Transformer Inrush Current Mitigation Techniques for Grid-Forming Inverters Dominated Grids

Alassi

Ahmed

Egea‐Àlvarez

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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“…Loads connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) can be energized with the same voltage ramp, or after a 1 pu voltage is established at the PCC. The former technique is applied in this paper while taking into account the sensitivity of some load types to a ramped voltage startup as reported in [6]. Overall, robust system response to disturbances and transients is crucial for a successful black-start process.…”

Section: Grid-forming Control Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current-Type Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Interface for Black-Start Testing of Grid-Forming Converter

Feng

Alassi

Syed

et al. 2022

IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

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Grid-forming converter establishes a stable and controllable voltage at its output terminal without requiring external angle reference, which enables the GFC to be a candidate for providing black-start services. However, this attribute poses significant challenges to the conventional power hardware-in-theloop (PHIL) simulation, which incorporates the physical power converter by regulating its voltage angle to be synchronized with that of an interfacing power amplifier mimicking the real-time emulated power grid. The lack of voltage synchronization at the coupling point of GFC and interfacing power amplifier leads to instability. To address this challenge, the current-type interfacing method with compensation and scaling scheme is proposed to interface a GFC with soft black-start capability into a PHIL setup. Analytical assessment and experimental results involving interfacing a 90 kVA power converter implemented with gridforming control are presented to verify the methodology.Index Terms-Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL), gridforming converter, soft black-start, current-type power interface.

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“…Addressing challenges during energization is crucial for system reliability and equipment protection [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ref. [ 40 ] limits inrush current during black starts of medium voltage distribution networks (MV-DNs) through battery energy storage system (BESS) control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Programmable Gate Array-Based Smart Switch to Avoid Inrush Current in PV Installations

Martínez-Figueroa,

Córcoles,

Bogarra

2024

Sensors

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This paper introduces an FPGA-based implementation of a smart switch designed to avoid inrush currents occurring during the connection of single-phase transformers utilized in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The magnitude of inrush currents is notably impacted by the residual flux within the transformer core and the precise moment of energization relative to the wave cycle. Alternative methods frequently hinge on intricate procedures to estimate residual flux. This challenge is adeptly circumvented by the innovative smart control system proposed herein, rendering it a cost-effective solution for grid-connected PV systems. The proposed solution for mitigating inrush current remains effective, even in the face of challenges with current and voltage sensors. This resilience arises from the system’s ability to learn and adapt by leveraging information acquired from the network.

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Inrush Current Management During Medium Voltage Microgrid Black Start With Battery Energy Storage System

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Transformer Inrush Current Mitigation Techniques for Grid-Forming Inverters Dominated Grids

Transformer Inrush Current Mitigation Techniques for Grid-Forming Inverters Dominated Grids

Current-Type Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Interface for Black-Start Testing of Grid-Forming Converter

Field Programmable Gate Array-Based Smart Switch to Avoid Inrush Current in PV Installations

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