Inputs of antifouling paint-derived dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) to a typical mariculture zone (South China): Potential impact on aquafarming environment

Surface sediment quality relative to port activities: A contaminant-spectrum assessment

“…Overall, DDT and its metabolites in surface sediments from Port Ningbo were dominated by its p,p'-isomer and metabolites (Fig. 2), which is consistent with the composition of DDT and its metabolites in antifouling paints (Wang et al, 2007;Yu et al, 2011). Biocides other than DDT, such as tributyltin, Diuron, and Irgarol 1051, at levels exceeding global sediment quality guidelines have also been detected in shipping and shipbuilding ports in South Korea (Kim et al, 2015).…”

“…Pollution of DDT and its metabolites in port sediments has been shown to derive from ship antifouling paints (Wang et al, 2007, Yu et al, 2011. In Guangdong Province of China, two antifouling paints available in the Hailing Bay area contained 9893 and 39,715 mg of DDT kg −1 wet paint (Yu et al, 2011) and other 2 antifouling paints available in the Pearl River Delta were 520 and 2400 mg DDT kg −1 wet paint (Wang et al, 2007), respectively. Three antifouling paints from Hong Kong markets contained DDT at 0.15-9.7 mg kg −1 wet paint and 5 antifouling paints available in the Bailing Bay, China ranged from 0.21-0.54 mg DDT kg −1 wet paint (Yu et al, 2011).…”

“…In Guangdong Province of China, two antifouling paints available in the Hailing Bay area contained 9893 and 39,715 mg of DDT kg −1 wet paint (Yu et al, 2011) and other 2 antifouling paints available in the Pearl River Delta were 520 and 2400 mg DDT kg −1 wet paint (Wang et al, 2007), respectively. Three antifouling paints from Hong Kong markets contained DDT at 0.15-9.7 mg kg −1 wet paint and 5 antifouling paints available in the Bailing Bay, China ranged from 0.21-0.54 mg DDT kg −1 wet paint (Yu et al, 2011). Lin et al (2009) found DDT and its metabolites derived from antifouling paints in surface sediment of fishing ports along the Chinese coast from Qingdao (a northeastern city in China) to Sanya (the most south city in China), at levels from 9.0 to 7350 mg DDT kg −1 .…”

Novel Passive Sampling Device for Measuring Sediment–Water Diffusion Fluxes of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals

“…27,39 The concentration profiles of the target chemicals ( Figure 3) were consistent with the presence of new input sources in the area and the biodegradation pathways of DDT. 16,25,27 Briefly, the concentrations of p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDMU, o,p′-DDMU, p,p′-DDNU, and p,p′-DBP, metabolites of p,p′-DDT or o,p′-DDT, in overlying water all sharply decreased outward the sediment−water interface, indicating the sediment as a source of these chemicals. On the other hand, the profiles of overlying water p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT, initially present in input sources (i.e., antifouling paint residues), exhibited apparent decreasing trends toward the sediment−water interface.…”

“…In the present study, only seven sampling cells were used, with the midpoints representing distances at 0. 25 Laboratory testing demonstrated that stainless steel shields and GF/F membranes used in the passive sampling device did not sorb significant amounts of the target chemicals. 16 Detailed cleaning and preparation procedures for assembly of the sampling device are presented in Supporting Information Text S1.…”