Abstract:Highly robust ion gels, termed double-network (DN) ion gels, composed of inorganic/organic interpenetrating networks and a large amount of ionic liquids (ILs), are fabricated. The DN ion gels with an 80 wt% IL content show extraordinarily high mechanical strength: more than 28 MPa of compressive fracture stress. In the DN ion gel preparation, a brittle inorganic network of physically bonded silica nanoparticles and a ductile organic network of polydimethylacrylamide (PDMAAm) are formed in the IL. Because of th… Show more
“…Representative mechanical properties of SIGE and EGPE were determined by stress–strain measurements. As shown in Figure 1 a, the yield strength of SIGE reaches 3.7 MPa, which is several times higher than that of the reported DN ionogels . More importantly, no distinct stress–strain yield point was observed, and the modulus values are relatively low (less than 0.2 MPa).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 73%
“…The primary network of silica was physically crosslinked. During the tensile test, silica clusters tend to be disrupted to dissipate the loading energy, thus improving the mechanical strength . This might account for the distinct yield phenomenon (Figure a) for both SIGE and EGPE.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The previous efforts on DN gels are mainly focused on the hydrogel, but the reports on ionogels are few. Recently, Kamio et al synthesized a series of organic–inorganic DN ionogels with excellent mechanical strength, and the relationship between the performance and the reaction kinetics was elaborately discussed . Ding and co‐workers successfully fabricated a poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS)‐based DN ionogel with high ionic conductivity and good mechanical strength for flexible skin sensors, which are able to work in a wide temperature scope from −70 to 100 °C .…”
Ionogels are considered promising electrolytes for safe lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of their low flammability, good thermal stability, and wide electrochemical stability window. Conventional ionic liquid‐based ionogels, however, face two main challenges; poor mechanical property and low Li‐ion transfer number. In this work, a novel solvate ionogel electrolyte (SIGE) based on an organic–inorganic double network (DN) is designed and fabricated through nonhydrolytic sol–gel reaction and in situ polymerization processes. The unprecedented SIGE possesses high toughness (bearing the deformation under the pressure of 80 MPa without damage), high Li‐ion transfer number of 0.43, and excellent Li‐metal compatibility. As expected, the LiFePO4/Li cell using the newly developed SIGE delivers a high capacity retention of 95.2% over 500 cycles, and the average Coulombic efficiency is as high as 99.8%. Moreover, the Ni‐rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/Li cell based on the modified SIGE achieves a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.4%, which outperforms previous solid/quasi‐solid‐state NCM811‐based LIBs. Interestingly, the SIGE‐based pouch cells are workable under extreme conditions (e.g., severely deforming or clipping into segments). In terms of those unusual features, the as‐obtained SIGE holds great promise for next‐generation flexible and safe energy‐storage devices.
“…Representative mechanical properties of SIGE and EGPE were determined by stress–strain measurements. As shown in Figure 1 a, the yield strength of SIGE reaches 3.7 MPa, which is several times higher than that of the reported DN ionogels . More importantly, no distinct stress–strain yield point was observed, and the modulus values are relatively low (less than 0.2 MPa).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 73%
“…The primary network of silica was physically crosslinked. During the tensile test, silica clusters tend to be disrupted to dissipate the loading energy, thus improving the mechanical strength . This might account for the distinct yield phenomenon (Figure a) for both SIGE and EGPE.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The previous efforts on DN gels are mainly focused on the hydrogel, but the reports on ionogels are few. Recently, Kamio et al synthesized a series of organic–inorganic DN ionogels with excellent mechanical strength, and the relationship between the performance and the reaction kinetics was elaborately discussed . Ding and co‐workers successfully fabricated a poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS)‐based DN ionogel with high ionic conductivity and good mechanical strength for flexible skin sensors, which are able to work in a wide temperature scope from −70 to 100 °C .…”
Ionogels are considered promising electrolytes for safe lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of their low flammability, good thermal stability, and wide electrochemical stability window. Conventional ionic liquid‐based ionogels, however, face two main challenges; poor mechanical property and low Li‐ion transfer number. In this work, a novel solvate ionogel electrolyte (SIGE) based on an organic–inorganic double network (DN) is designed and fabricated through nonhydrolytic sol–gel reaction and in situ polymerization processes. The unprecedented SIGE possesses high toughness (bearing the deformation under the pressure of 80 MPa without damage), high Li‐ion transfer number of 0.43, and excellent Li‐metal compatibility. As expected, the LiFePO4/Li cell using the newly developed SIGE delivers a high capacity retention of 95.2% over 500 cycles, and the average Coulombic efficiency is as high as 99.8%. Moreover, the Ni‐rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/Li cell based on the modified SIGE achieves a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.4%, which outperforms previous solid/quasi‐solid‐state NCM811‐based LIBs. Interestingly, the SIGE‐based pouch cells are workable under extreme conditions (e.g., severely deforming or clipping into segments). In terms of those unusual features, the as‐obtained SIGE holds great promise for next‐generation flexible and safe energy‐storage devices.
“…To overcome this problem, many researchers have been attempting to fabricate tough hydrogels and organogels over the past few decades . Very recently, these concepts have been also applied to ion gels . Furthermore, inspired by living organisms, the concept of self‐healing has emerged and attracted ever‐increasing levels of attention in the development of highly durable and sustainable soft materials .…”
Section: Characterization Results For Synthesized Polymersmentioning
Ion gels, composed of macromolecular networks filled by ionic liquids (ILs), are promising candidate soft solid electrolytes for use in wearable/flexible electronic devices. In this context, the introduction of a self-healing function would significantly improve the long-term durability of ion gels subject to mechanical loading. Nevertheless, compared to hydrogels and organogels, the self-healing of ion gels has barely investigated been because of there being insufficient understanding of the interactions between polymers and ILs. Herein, a new class of supramolecular micellar ion gel composed of a diblock copolymer and a hydrophobic IL, which exhibits self-healing at room temperature, is presented. The diblock copolymer has an IL-phobic block and a hydrogen-bonding block with hydrogen-bond-accepting and donating units. By combining the IL and the diblock copolymer, micellar ion gels are prepared in which the IL phobic blocks form a jammed micelle core, whereas coronal chains interact with each other via multiple hydrogen bonds. These hydrogen bonds between the coronal chains in the IL endow the ion gel with a high level of mechanical strength as well as rapid self-healing at room temperature without the need for any external stimuli such as light or elevated temperatures.
“…For example, conventional crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels have low mechanical properties, limited stretchability, which leads to unfavorable feature to 3D curved and dynamic surfaces . Novel strategies including double‐networks, nanocomposites, dynamic cross‐linking have been developed to synthesize novel hydrogels with improved mechanical properties and even with self‐healing capabilities. The double network hydrogels can be stretched to over 2000% with a fractural energy of 9000 J m −2 .…”
Section: Materials In Ionic Tactile Sensorsmentioning
Ionic tactile sensors (ITS) represent a new class of deformable sensory platforms that mimic not only the tactile functions and topological structures but also the mechanotransduction mechanism across the biological ion channels in human skin, which can demonstrate a more advanced biological interface for targeting emerging human-interactive technologies compared to conventional e-skin devices. Recently, flexible and even stretchable ITS have been developed using novel structural designs and strategies in materials and devices. These skin-like tactile sensors can effectively sense pressure, strain, shear, torsion, and other external stimuli with high sensitivity, high reliability, and rapid response beyond those of human perception. In this review, the recent developments of the ITS based on the novel concepts, structural designs, and strategies in materials innovation are entirely highlighted. In particular, biomimetic approaches have led to the development of the ITS that extend beyond the tactile sensory capabilities of human skin such as sensitivity, pressure detection range, and multimodality. Furthermore, the recent progress in self-powered and self-healable ITS, which should be strongly required to allow human-interactive artificial sensory platforms is reviewed. The applications of ITS in human-interactive technologies including artificial skin, wearable medical devices, and user-interactive interfaces are highlighted. Last, perspectives on the current challenges and the future directions of this field are presented.
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